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Search BBC Learning English in your podcast app to find our other programs or find much more at BBCLearningEnglish.com. Hello, welcome to six minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Phil. And I'm Georgie. Did you know that you can now watch a video version of this podcast? Find it at BBCLearningEnglish.com. Hi, Phil. Hi, Georgie. Phil, have you had many vaccines in your life? So these are injections to protect you from diseases? Oh, I've had loads. I had all the ones you have when you were a child. But I've also had some for travelling and working abroad. So yeah, I've had lots. Okay, well, many of us will have had vaccines to stop us getting common diseases such as flu or COVID-19, but could injections help us fight more complicated diseases too? In this episode of six minute English, we'll be looking at some new research that has scientists very excited. And we'll be asking the question, could vaccines cure cancer? Okay, let's start with a quiz question, Phil. There are lots of different types of cancer affecting many parts of the body. But according to the World Health Organization, what is the most common cancer worldwide? Is it A, lung cancer, B, skin cancer or C, stomach cancer? Well, I don't know. I'm going to guess B, skin cancer. Well, we'll find out the answer at the end of the programme. Right. Now, this idea of a vaccine that could cure cancer sounds really interesting. Could you tell us a bit more about it, Georgie? Well, scientists have been trying to develop a cancer vaccine for quite a long time. If you think about many existing cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, these have quite a few side effects. But the idea is that a cancer vaccine would help the body's natural immune system help fight the disease, which could have fewer side effects and also be more effective. Scientists are particularly hopeful about a new vaccine developed to treat skin cancer. BBC Radio 4 programme Inside Science has been hearing about the latest research. Cancer cell biologist Anne Willis spoke to presenter Tom Whipple. I guess this moment has been quite a long time coming. Hasn't it? There's been some false storms and cancer vaccines. I mean, there's been a lot of work in this space. And it's all been very encouraging, particularly in the animal models. They're getting this to translate into humans, can be a much harder, longer process. So it's very exciting that there is this breakthrough, the apparent breakthrough that's come through today. Tom says that the development of the cancer vaccine has been a long time coming. And this means that it's taken a lot of time to achieve. Yes, Tom also says there have been some false storms. An expression meaning that something looks like it's improving when it's actually not. Anne says there's been a lot of work in this space. Space here means field of research. So in this context, research into cancer vaccines. Scientists think they might have made a breakthrough. That means they've made significant progress. And Georgie, these vaccines that we're talking about. They aren't quite like the ones that we're all familiar with. This isn't a vaccine to prevent you from getting skin cancer, is it? No, the vaccine being tested is used to treat people after they've had a tumor removed. It's used to target any cancer cells that have been spread around the body to stop the cancer from coming back. And the vaccine is made specially for each patient by looking at the cancerous cells in the tumor that's been removed. Anne Willis explains more to BBC Radio 4's Inside Science. So cancer cells are very different from normal cells that contain lots of mutations. So you sequence the DNA of the cancer cell to work out how it's different from a normal cell. And then particularly for the bits of the cancer that's different on the surface of the cell. You take those bits of DNA and then you put them into the RNA vaccine and then they'll make these bits of proteins that get recognised by the immune system. So it's a way of priming the immune system to the cancer. Anne is saying that the scientists work out what in the cancer cells is different and put these bits into the vaccine. Right. The vaccine then becomes a way of priming the immune system to cancer. If you prime something, you get it ready. The vaccine basically helps the immune system get better at recognising and fighting cancer cells in the body. Now, that sounds like some really clever science here. Could it make a big difference, Georgie? Well, more trials are needed, but scientists are hopeful. Please, Anne Willis again, talking to Tom Whipple, presenter of Inside Science. Are you excited? I mean, very. I'm just, you know, anything that will improve lives of cancer patients is always wonderful. And actually seeing that this extraordinary technology is sort of starting to reach its promises. This is very exciting for everybody. So Anne is excited. She says that after a long time working on this technology, it's starting to reach its promise. The promise here means positive potential. OK, Phil, I think it's time I revealed the answer to my question. I asked you what is the most common form of cancer worldwide? You said skin cancer, but the answer is actually lung cancer. In 2024, there were an estimated 2.4 million cases worldwide according to the World Health Organization. OK, let's recap the vocabulary we learned in this program. Starting with the expression a long time coming, which means something has taken a long time to achieve. A full storm is when something appears to be improving when it actually isn't. Space can mean field of research. A breakthrough refers to making significant progress with something. And promise can mean positive potential. Once again, our six minutes are up. Test what you've learned with the worksheet on our website. And that's bbclearningenglish.com. Thanks for joining us and goodbye. Bye. Claude is an AI for just that. Hand it a whole task like turning a folder or scattered notes into a report. Claude can now drive the dock or deck right in front of you. And Claude design now lives right inside Claude. Describe the website or prototype your picturing, attach your design system. And it comes back in your own design language, ready to edit right on the canvas. It works with your files and the tools you already use, like Gmail and Slack, and whether you're debugging code at midnight, building a financial model or strategising your next business move. Claude, extend your thinking to tackle the problems at Meta. For problems worth solving, get started with Claude at Claude.ai/solve. That's Claude.ai/solve. And check out ClaudePro, which includes access to all of the features mentioned in today's episode. Claude.ai/solve. [Music]