The Spanish Civil War and the Birkin bag

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Täällä on järjestelmä ja tullut ja tullut ja tullut ja tullut. eri systr translatori lassoa taltwota laurin näksi - hanko Telekamiis executev hit geldossa sanaeavokyan ton arteriämätä ratkaan - Grund Oopsenaощoretaejiartaavuusia on acontecendo. Kiseva oli todella perumattavaus on järjestelmätnektaisenيرة. Geistesen spynkeä, nedot sen lojot св ihremutam either versão of centeredaakischeida. On otta kärin monia, kuten Pyrrhaniis, jota on tärkeä kärin äänä, - jota on kärin äänä, kärin äänä, kärin äänä. Felisai on saada järjestelmätä, joka on järjestelmätä, - jota on järjestelmätä, joka on järjestelmätä, joka on järjestelmätä, joka on järjestelmätä, joka on järjestelmätä, joka on järjestelmätä. Niille nagiaoitakあとa pääällää ja patentsa, joka lutionta Skypeon séke infectiasta, mutta ihmsäkin muut thanks yritämmäsi play natürlich, j周 Hydста prepareswe務, Samannも bonsakselle vietittää. Vaikeasta presenttää, Colehsel Bouhen pibuus Aillaan, vähän annata näe, että tiindein eriteen interpol מכenteen, ja yumista smalla. Eltiin myös halvainhuvan nervoon. Äräypoweredikon, koska olen kapeas stabilizeisilla. Eli,aryhmäinop werden princip kapなんだua sanottai. Ja, olen kapeas, ja. Ja joku saa, että olen Franko. Ja eri panjaan Franko. Ja, joku saa, joku saa. Kuten kuvaa, niin on tosi vain joku, niin on kertoo, joku saa, niin on kertoo. Kuten on kertoo, niin on kertoo, niin on kertoo. Joku saa, että on kertoo, niin on kertoo. Tämä on kertoo, että on kertoo. Taippeurutan unableiss wintertia, j finished會 станimme. p förärkmädään Elmi und ensimmäisen allaä. Violetta является Don MaraisemMAN的 även " justaittelไtsin hartynziin politi proteinsen". On pint朝ia pieni, koska pieni extra朝ia erilaisia sylossa olivat usoin hyvä. Spisimme� li ancienti verisiä. Se on vain. Sitten on vain erittäin moneen ja kohdalla. Ja, ja, ja. Se on kohdalla. Meidän jälkeen. Kuten kohdalla varmaan jälkeen, kohdalla? Sitten kohdalla on tullut, ja kohdalla on tullut. Pohdalla on tullut, että he niitä on jälkeen saaville. Se on tullut, joten on kohdalla. Pohdalla on tullut, joten on jälkeen saaville on jälkeen saaville. Se on tullut, että hei on jälkeen saaville. Spaniets on tullut, että hei on jälkeen saaville. Hittää, että jälkeen saaville on jälkeen saaville. Sitten on kohdalla, joten on kohdalla. Se on kohdalla, joten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla, joten on kohdalla, joten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Felisa on kohdalla, joten on kohdalla. Felisa on kohdalla. Felisa on kohdalla. Felisa on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Felisa on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. Sitten on kohdalla. And then you don't even mean that things you used to have. You just even forget, I think. You know, I didn't even think of my toys or nothing at all. So it's very strange how we behave. In cases like that, it's very, very sad. Felisa eventually moved to the UK to London in 1954 when she was 25. She was working as a nanny and then married and her children. Although when Franco died in 1975 and living under his rule was two decades behind her, she says she could hear celebrations all the way from Bill Bauer. The people that have champagne in the fridge waiting for him to die when he got ill. And the day he died, I don't know how many bottles of champagne they were running there. And they were scouting. Felicia Umbon Samincenti has made London her home for most of the past 70 years. She's now age 97 and she was speaking to Ivana Davidovich. That was a very singular perspective, one person's experience at the Spanish Civil War. Support Preston is professor of international history at the London School of Economics in the UK and he can give us a broader picture. So why did Spain descend into Civil War 90 years ago? It goes back quite a long time before that. But let's start in 1931 when the monarchy of Alfonso XIII fell and they came into power, democratic regime, the second republic, which set about a sweeping set of reforms of all kinds. It tried to give a small degree of regional autonomy to the Basques and the Catalan's. It instituted a major educational reform that for those who couldn't pay, there had virtually been no education before that time. It set out the beginnings of women's rights, trade union rights and so on. And this, as you can imagine, deeply upset the established powers. In the nutshell, the Spanish Civil War was about them fighting back. The actual armed might came from the military whose power had been cutaled and it was supported ideologically by the Catholic Church, whose power at all, particularly the educational power had also been cutaled. So that was what it was about in terms of Spanish domestic policy. Of course, it was all turned into something like a rehearsal for the Second World War because what was happening in Spain had very considerable interest, particularly for Hitler and Mussolini, who wanted to use what was going on in Spain to break the hegemony in international relations of Britain and France. When one thinks of a civil war, often you'll imagine one side versus another. But in Spain in the 1930s, when the fighting broke out, it wasn't that straightforward. Certainly the non-monicist side fractured dramatically. Well, indeed. I mean, both sides had quite a lot of strands, shall we say. In the case of the right, the military obviously had the upper hand in the sense that they were able to impose a certain internal unity. Whereas in a way, anyone could say that the right knew what they were fighting for. Whereas the left was fighting for what they'd never had in a way. And so the left split into anarchists, communists, socialists, liberals, and so on. Plus, of course, whereas again, the right had very strong support from fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, the only real external support for the democratic republic came from Soviet Russia and to a much lesser extent from Mexico. And obviously the fact that Soviet Russia was communist, that meant that in a way what was a crucial help became a factor of further division. And whilst all that was going on, how did ordinary Spanish families experience the conflict? Was it something which was all encompassing all the time? Or did it happen remotely for most people? It depended on where you lived. I mean, there were parts of Spain that were simply not affected. I could remember being in Syria, in the village where often wells made charms of midnight and talking to a lady who's telling me that she remembered the war. And I was staggered because I knew that the war had not got anywhere near that part. And she was obviously talking in terms of a sort of folk memory. So there were lots of places where the war didn't affect. But of course, there were areas that supported the right and where the atrocities against the left were pretty massive. I think what one can say about those areas is that what is truly astonishing is that ordinary people, because the Republic had tried to give them so much, supported the Republic right to the end. I mean, it was horrendous if you happened to be in the firing line as it were. 90 years ago, but inevitably scars have been left, the Nationalists won through and we had the Franco dictatorship for many decades. Is that why the Civil War still matters in Spain today? Yes, because there's a kind of contradiction that of course, because it has never fully been part of the educational curriculum, obviously, particularly under Franco, for fear of exacerbating hatred and so on. There's all kinds of issues that have never entirely been resolved. There are still tens of thousands of unmarked graves. And so much of this is still to be resolved. That's Professor Sepol Preston from the London School of Economics in the UK. The Spanish Civil War produced a number of searing photographic images, the most famous of which is the falling soldier, which supposedly shows the moment of death of a lone competent. Our next story from the past involves an image when death was narrowly avoided. This is from America in the late 1960s. The photo, which won the Pulitzer Prize, is called The Kiss of Life. JD Thompson is the man administering the Kiss of Life in the picture and he's been speaking to Patrick Keighley. When you made that patient out of your ego, it was all kind of different departments within the city. I'd put down the electric department and had no idea it ended up in the overhead part. It was a little scary at first when he was talking about it. Once I got to work in there and see what was going on, I really liked it. JD became a lineman, those daredevils you still see working at the top of electricity poles, doing the dangerous but vital repairs that enable us to keep the lights on, keep warm, and listen to the radio. To do this work you have to be fearless yet respectful of the thousands of volts of electricity dancing around you on the line. This live wire, or energized, work as it was known, all took place high up in the air when protective clothing was suspended in a giant bucket. You have to know how to do energized work, that's the big thing. Repair and maintenance and all that that you're working to energize. And once you get over about 40,000 volts, 30 to 40, if I'm more in there, the magnetic field is so strong, it shows you back it's hard to get on the line. But you would put on this suit just like a rain suit with the trousers and the top one, put it over your head, you had gloves on, and even these gloves had carbon threads, so it would carry the cart and you tied your trousers and you wound on your shoes and you gloves you tied all that together so everything would be one thing, those sparks that comes out to the ribbon. And then you're in the bucket, it's the only way to do this. And you throw the ribbon out and it wraps around the line and then you're energized. But what began as just another ordinary summer's day in 1967, soon turned into something life threatening for JD's colleague Randall Champion. It was a hot, dual-eyed day, like it always is, and Florida. We had our safety menu where you all get together, explain what's going to happen on the job, and this job was going to stretch out for about a quarter of a mile. JD and his partner would be working up one electric pole and down the road up another pole was Randall Champion and his partner. Champion and Bill, it was in a bucket. They did one pole, looved down two spans and set up and did the same exact thing, but Champion got ahead of him and reached out and grabbed the wire before he got it, de-energized and that's when it got hurt. Electricity surged through Champion's body and his heart stopped. His life was in grave danger. JD and his partner were still way down the road up their own pole when they spotted their colleague in peril. We were so far away that I didn't hear the fellow blunt ground hollering for help, but our partner was up the pole with me. We were just looking in that direction. He just only stopped and drawing and he started down. I come right behind him, but he made a misstep, it's round and pretty hard there. And I just started running down the street. As Champion dangled upside down from the pole, lifeless, local photographer Rocco Morabito happened to be driving past his trusty roller-flex camera by his side. His Rocco telling his side of the story, courtesy of the floor. Florida Times Union Jacksonville.com archive. - My assignment was to cover the railroad strike. When I went down there, I saw these men working. So I looked around and see if I could get a daily picture. But when I got down to the railroad, I took my pictures down there, and I said, well, I better get on end, get this ready for noon, 'cause I had 12 o'clock deadline. But I went back, I don't know what made me go back. I've divine the good Lord made me go back or something. I went back by where they were working. I heard all this yelling, people yelling. And this one woman was screaming. So I looked around, I saw him hanging there. That shot a picture, and I couldn't get him to our shot another one. And I said, my God, so I run my car, told the city desk, I said, you better send an ambulance. - Time was running out as JD sprinted down the road and clambered up the pole towards his stricken colleague, still lifeless and hanging by his safety harness. - When I first started trying to get an air in to him, getting him lifted up enough, it would let his neck fall back. If your neck is full of dogs, there you can get any air in them. But I didn't remember that from the training. But anyhow, I got up to pole with him and started blowing air in him just as hard as I could. And got to hit him in the chest a little bit. And I never could really get a good solid lick in the chest and out repositioned a little bit. And really hitting good one time right in the middle of the chest. And then just I started giving him more air than he took a breath that was unreal. I never knew I could draw so much air in, but he was so limp then. And he'd come out of it then, take him a minute to realize that I was there with him. - It was at this moment as JD battled to save his friends life high up on the electricity pile on, that Rocco captured the image that would win him a pull at surprise. - So they're not reloaded and went back. And by this time JD was going up to pole and got him. And then four spans away. JD come from four spans away. By this time JD talked to him, had gone up there and was breathing in to him, you know. And I could hear him say he was breathing. He was breathing so they started bringing him down. - With champion binning such a perilous state as JD reached him, he was astonished he'd managed to revive his friend. - He was a blue, gray, color, terrible. But I was really wasn't sure there was much hope there when I first seen him, but when he took that breath that was relieved, we had a little trouble getting him to the ground. That time another line that was up there, oh with me. I didn't know the extent of his burns on his body till we got him on the ground and back. But time we got him to the ground, the fire department was there. They were a mile from the scene when they called. They were there before we got him down. I knew later on within an hour so that they were okay, you know, we were all right. - Despite being good friends, that day was not something they discussed as the years passed. - We had a close relationship for years, you know. But we never really dealt on that accident that much. - And what of the historic photo itself? - Well, when I come down the street, I think a man puts the camera that I didn't have any idea what was going on there. But when this happened, actually, champion got burnt, probably within 50 foot of him and he had a camera. Well, that evening was working at Thunderstorm, which stopped to get something to eat after dark. And they fell under the restaurant there at the Jacksonville Journal, which was an afternoon paper, evening paper. And he showed us a picture. We didn't know there was a picture, so he brought in and showed it to us. I really didn't think anything about this thing going worldwide at the one I first sent it to, you know. And it was sometime later for I realized just how far this thing did go. I mean, my dad had a cousin in Alaska that called him within a couple days, seen the picture. The actual editor of the newspaper, everybody did deal to get that in the evening paper, because it had to be 10 o'clock. And the morning that paper had to be on the street at two o'clock or something like that. I'm not sure of it. Anyhow, they stopped to breathe and got the picture in there. And the editor there put the kiss of life on that, like the effects of that picture. I had no idea this would happen like it did, you know. And it still goes on today. It's kind of like every generation discovers the picture, you know. JD Thompson and Randall Champion remained friends over the decades. Randall died in 2002. Rocco Morabito, the photographer, died in 2009. Recently, Electric Avenue in Jacksonville has been renamed JD Thompson Street in recognition of his heroic actions. Our reporter there was Patrick Keitli. Of course, you can see that remarkable photo on our website. Visit bbc.com/witnesshistory. - [Nancy] - [Nancy] - A global campaign of cyber attacks. - This is what's known as the Conte ransomware. - These are no ordinary hackers. There was successful business. - We can bring them down to five million. - But for their victims, it's active war. - That causes unbelievable chaos and puts a target on the hackers' backs. - We were able to uncover that these coders were reporting to work. - I'm Jeff White and this is CyberHack Season 4, the Conte Files. Listen now, wherever you get your BBC podcasts. - Nothing personal, just business. (dramatic music) Still to come, the story of the failed Turkish coup in 2016. Plus sit down, stand up and sit down again. We have the story behind the Mexican wave and the invention of the Birken bag. - I drew on a seat bag and I said, "Well, it's sort of like this." I decided I wanted it sort of more open than shot. So he said, "I'll make you one." And I got a call a few weeks later to say, "Well, don't let it come and have a look." - But before that, we're in the high Arctic in the Northern reaches of Canada. These vast cold landscapes have been inhabited for centuries by the Inuit peoples. But in the mid-20th century, the Canadian government introduced a program aimed at integrating the Inuit into the mainstream of Canadian life. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the Inuit were not entirely happy. Sam Groeway has the story of the creation of Canada's largest territory and the fight by its indigenous people to reclaim their land and sovereignty. - We were young and we had a goal. We had an adacious goal to reclaim what Inuit have lost. - It's 1973 and across Canada's Arctic and new generation of Inuit activists are organizing. Among them, Paul Quassar. - There were a lot of traumas that Inuit had experienced and we had to get over that hump. One way of doing it was to get back our territory, to get back in recognizing that we have a unique language called inictitude, we have our own culture and we don't want our next generation to lose anything anymore. We've lost enough. - Long before those days of political struggle to reclaim sovereignty over native Inuit land, we're going back to 1952. In a remote Arctic settlement, where Paul started life. - My traditional name is Agurlakh. Was born in a nigglo, not in a hospital, not anywhere but in a nigglo. And I'm one of the last generations to have experienced a nomadic way of life. We relied on the animals that we hunted, seals, narwhales, those were our main stable foods. - With each season, Paul's small community would move across the vast ice plains. - The only contact we had with the outside world was when my father used to go by dog team to a huttest-may company. And that would take about a day or two, maybe a week sometimes, travel just to get supplies. That's how we lived in the olden days before we got introduced to a European way of living. - That instruction came in the early 1960s, as in you at families like Paul's, were pressured to move to permanent outposts. At the time, Canada's government said it was to provide access to schooling, healthcare and housing. - People started getting congregated to one particular location. They started limiting our way of hunting, our way of living. That totally changed our way of eating, our means of acquiring country food that we've been accustomed to for thousands of years. - At the same time, in you at children began to be forcibly removed from their families and sent to residential schools. There, they were made to abandon their native languages and speak English or French, as heard in this CBC news report. (chanting) I went to a residential school for eight years and I was about nine years old. Children that as young as five years old were taken away from their parents. And that changed completely the way of thinking, the way of looking at our culture, the way of our language. We started losing all these things, and that's when the true culture was being lost. Canada's government would formally apologise in the subsequent years and acknowledge the residential school's policy caused great harm. A 2.8 billion Canadian dollar settlement to native communities was made by the government in 2023. But despite the trauma endured, Paul says the experience gave him an important tool in the fight for Inua sovereignty. I picked up an English language that my parents didn't. So it gave us courage. We can understand them. They can understand us. We were the very first inks that became so fluid in English. We didn't even think of the fact that the cutler not were the white people were more superior than us. We didn't think that way like our parents did. Fast forward more than a decade to the late 1980s. And Paul Quasar had become one of the key figures in the movement to establish Nanuvaet. The name came from the Nook to Tut word meaning our land. But at this point it was part of the Northwest Territories, a large region in Northern Canada controlled by the federal government. In 1989 Paul was appointed Chief Negotiator, tasked with persuading those in power to hand back control of the territory to the Inua people, who lived there but had no formal ownership over it. But it wasn't easy. Especially when the federal government was always giving us a hard time not to negotiate certain things but yet we were persistent. We had to be pretty strong. We couldn't take no for an answer because we're talking about inuit rights that have been ignored and as true Canadians. If we are true Canadians, we're not second class citizens. Years of talks with the government in Ottawa had passed with limited success. When we started first negotiating the Nanuvaet Lancelamps Agreement, in there right away we said we also want our own Nanuva territory and our own Nanuvaet government. But at that time the government of the day was saying there's no way you can get a political deal. You cannot through Lancelamps Agreement. But we were persistent. It didn't matter which government was the government of the day. We went through three different parties throughout the negotiations, maybe four different prime ministers. Then in 1990 an event elsewhere in Canada gave the Inua people an opportunity to realize their goal. Mohawk versus police with their guns aimed at each other and one Quebec police force officer dead. That's the situation tonight at two native communities in the Montreal area. The Okahe crisis started as a dispute over plans to expand a golf course on to land claimed by the native Mohawk community in Quebec. But turned into a tense 78 day standoff with police and culminated in an operation by the Canadian army. It drew national attention, including this report from the CBC. The side heavily armed provincial police, bob dear gas and stun grenades. The Mohawk responded with automatic firepower. We knew that was happening while we were negotiating our Nanuvaet land claims agreement. The Federal government was looking terrible in the eyes of the Canadians because the way they were treating indigenous people at that particular time. We said, "Look, we can uplift your ratings if you give us this deal. Give us Nanuva territory. Your ratings are going to go up if you do. This has to be the moment or not. And we had to take that change." On May 25, 1993, three years after the Okahe crisis, Canada's Prime Minister Brian Moore really signed the Nanuvaet land claims agreement. The North want self-reliance, dignity and prosperity brought about by economic developments here in northern Canada. Stood alongside him was chief in-uit negotiator Paul Quasser. "Oh wow. I never can forget that moment. We were all here in Iqaluit, which was to be the future capital city of Nanuvaet. The Prime Minister Maoruni came in. We had invited Enuit from all over the territory. It was a magic moment for all of us because all the Enuit realized, "Here it is, we finally got it. We will now be able to take the next step on our own. The 1993 agreement was the tool that made the creation of a Nanuvaet territory and a Nanuva government become a reality." It was six years later in 1999 that the newly created Nanuvaet territory would finally get its own government, official language and capital. "I look at it in a sense where I was born to do this. There were a lot of Inuit leaders that are not here now, that don't so much work. It is something that our ancestors would be very proud of. I'm never ever going to be ashamed of speaking my own language again." The Inuit politician at activist Paul Quessar was speaking to Sam Groeway. From the frozen north of Canada, we turn next to the heated political atmosphere that gripped Turkey ten years ago. In July 2016, there was an attempted military coup aimed at removing President Recep Tayyip Erdogan from power, a single night of violence that left hundreds dead and triggered major political changes across the country. In Istanbul, in the historic neighborhood of Chengyel Koy, on the Asian side of the bossress, Emily Wither has been speaking to the neighborhood Mukta, that's the elected leader in the area, Jan Jimajou. "It was a lovely Friday evening. In fact, that evening my wife was here too. We had our tea, I performed evening prayer, and after that I live in the center of Chengyel Koy. So, as we were entering the house, my wife said, "There's a big crowd. The thing is, the weather was very hot, and Chengyel Koy is an area known for its food. We get a lot of people here on weekends. So, there was a big crowd, and my wife said, "Jan, come on, let's get ice cream. I parked the car, we're walking, and at that moment, citizens are running toward me, just then a friend of mine named Yüksel. I will never forget it," said Jan. Something is wrong. "Jan Jimajou looked around. Soldiers were passing through the neighborhood. At first he thought it was normal. After all, there was a military academy nearby. Chengyel Koy is just south of one of the main crossings, linking Europe and Asia, and it was when his neighbors started telling him the bridge was being sealed that he started to worry. "I don't know what to do. I'm just a man from our neighborhood." A woman from our neighborhood, like a sister to me, came up to me and said, "Jan, please help. They have detained my daughter on the bridge. When she said that, I said, "Allah Allah. Something is wrong. I started heading toward the police station. I went in and looked at the television. The minute I saw the tank on top of the bridge, I said, "Oh no, there is an uprising." Because the thing is, I'd already lived through the coup in 1980. People my age know what this kind of event is because, simply put, the military has no business in a metropolis. "How are you feeling in that moment? Were you scared?" "Kor, komor, kyor." "No fear whatsoever. Let me put it this way. We ran toward the bullets." Without still really knowing what was going on, Jan called all the men to the village square. And this quiet neighborhood found itself on one of the front lines of the attempted coup. Chengl-Ku is a socially conservative area that has always voted for the AKP, the party of Turkey's president, Regip Tayyip Ederon, still in power today. Jan and his neighbors were ready to fight. It wasn't the first time Turkey's armed forces had interfered in politics. During the 1980 coup, we didn't know what a mobile phone was. We woke up in one morning, pulled open the curtains, tanks in the streets. But here what happened was, we established communication and invited everyone out onto the streets. Then around 9.45 pm, a captain from Kulele Military Academy came in front of the police station and said, "Clear these areas immediately. The army has taken over the administration. I said to him, "Are you out of your mind? Are you drunk?" He got angry. He had a weapon in his hand at the time and he pressed the weapon against my chest. And at that moment, the youth of Chengl-Ku formed a wall behind us, like a fortress. There had also been gunshots in the capital, Ankara and military jets and helicopters were in the skies. By that time, Turkey's then prime minister, Benali Yilderim, had officially announced an attempted coup as underway, blaming a group. within Turkey's military for trying to overthrow the government. The coupplotters took over local media stations and forced one journalist at gunpoint to read a statement on air. "Saying a new constitution was being prepared, accusing the government of eroding democratic and secular rule of law, and that the country would now be run by a peace council." 20 minutes later, President Erdogan popped up on CNN Turk. A reporter held up her phone while the president urged in a video call for people to take to the streets to oppose what was happening. There was fierce fighting on the streets, especially in Chengyelkoy. "It was now around 11.40pm. The sounds of gunfire started falling very close to us. They were firing bullets at us. Around that time, the exterior light of the police station was on, a flood light. I said, "Let's turn off that light so we don't become an open target. When I came back outside, I was hit by a bullet." You can hear this man shouting, "They shot our muhtar as Jan lies bloody on the street, as his neighbors pull him to safety." He's saying, "Kids, get my food. You forgot my food over there. Imagine a great pain, great agony. I felt that my food had come off. They tried to keep me alive by giving me oxygen and then everything went white. And I said, "This is there. So this is what that is." As the neighbourhood leader is rushed to hospital, the Turkish Parliament is bombed several times, and the fierce fighting continues late into the night. But by around 9am the next day, it becomes clear the coup has not succeeded, and people start to cautiously celebrate. Less than 12 hours after the attempted coup began, soldiers surrendered, walking from tanks with their hands above their heads. And abandoned in the chaos. Over 300 people were killed, including Jan's nephew, and Jan was among more than 2,100 injured that night. Shot in the groin, he did not lose his foot as he first feared, but he still feels a burning sensation. The attempted coup, divided and transformed Turkey, in ways still felt today. The US-based cleric Fetullah Gulen and his powerful Islamic movement was accused by the government of being the mastermind, a charge he denied until his death. The Turkish government detained nearly 300,000 people over suspected links to Gulen and suspended or sacked more than 150,000 civil servants. Hundreds of media outlets were shot, and hundreds of opposition lawmakers jailed. Erdogan was accused of using the attempted coup as a pretext to muzzle dissent and accusation he denied. On the evening of July 15, 2016, people had come to Chengelköy to have fun. They had come to spend money. But when the situation suddenly changed, everyone said, "Yes, what should our priority be? It should be how we defend our homeland." What mattered for us was the survival of the state, the flag remaining on the pole. You cannot afford to think politically here. Chengemüjou, one of the local leaders in Istanbul who fought to resist the attempted coup in 2016. He was speaking to Emily with her. Next, a moment from the past which has left its mark on the world of fashion. This is the story of the Birken bag, a slightly oversized handbag designed in 1985 which has become the ultimate fashion accessory seen hanging off the arms of celebrities and socialites. Here's Jane Wilkinson. "The Birken bag, really? When I'm touring around town with that bag, I'll know I made it." But if you want the original, you'll need very deep pockets, as the BBC hinted at in 2025. "How would you like to own a piece of fashion history? your own luck. Because, Southways is expected to begin auctioning off the original version of the iconic Hermes Berkenberg in Paris in just a few minutes. We now come to the style lot of this sale, "Lot Eight", which is the original Berkin created in 1985 for Jane Berkin. At 1 million € we start the bidding. 1 million, 1-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-2. For now, let's leave that Paris auction room as the bids begin and explore the legend of the Hanbach's history. It's the early 1980s, and the British actress and model Jane Berken is living in France. She's become famous for her simple, relaxed style and for not carrying a traditional leather bag. Here she is speaking to the BBC in 2018. Because I had a rather famous basket before. There was so well known that I was recognised from behind. People used to scream at Berken just because of my basket. But apparently her partner, the French filmmaker Jacques Dwyon, is not such a big fan. Funnily enough, Jacques thought that it was really diminishing for people to notice things that you have and to be known for any gimmick like that. And so Jacques did a reverse in his car, he squashed my basket. I picked up the things scattered from right or left. I put them all in a plastic bag and my agenda with things falling out of it because I had to go to London. Jane and her plastic bag full of keys, money, makeup and an agenda, head to the airport for her flight to the UK. And by the way, if you didn't know, an agenda is just a posh leather-bound notebook. Got into the airplane was upgraded as usual by F-Hance because they recognised me to a rather chic seat next door to a rather chic man. And all my stuff fell around in an embarrassing way. And he said you should have pockets made in that agenda. And I said, "Well, what can you do? Hermes don't make it with pockets." He said, "I am Mr. Hermes." So I said, "Oh." Jane's right to be impressed. The chic Monsieur is actually Hermes then chief executive Jean-Louis Dumas. What are the chances? "You said if you give it to me, I'll put pockets in it." And I said, "Well, grand, that's wonderful." I said, "Where did you make a bag that's bigger than the Kelly? Twice as big." To interrupt again, the Kelly bag was named after another actress, Grace Kelly. You became the princess of Monaco. She famously hid her pregnancy from the paparazzi by covering her bump with an Hermes bag which later became known as the Kelly. Back to Jane on the plane with Monsieur Dumas. So there was a sort of sick bag. I drew on a sick bag and I said, "Well, it's sort of like this." I decided I wanted it sort of more open than shot. So he said, "I'll make you one." And I got a call a few weeks later to say, "Would I like to come and have a look?" And it was all in cardboard. It was lovely in cardboard. And he said, "What leather would you like?" And everything. So I picked a black leather of some sort, as soft as I could. And then he said, "I'll give it to you." So I said, "Well, wow." And this is what the Finnish bag looked like. A rectangular hold-all with a flap top, two rolled handles, four studs on the base and a lock closure. The festival for Jane, a mother of three young children, it could hold a lot of stuff. Monsieur Dumas was also delighted. "I thought it was so splendid. And he said, "Can we call this after you?" "We'll call it "Liberkin." "Ah, it's so flattered." I said, "Of course you can. How wonderful." "Didn't think of anything about it." Jane took the bag and reportedly forgot about the encounter. She was concentrating on a singing career. Remember the song "J'étais moin en plue" with Serge Gansbord? "J'étais." "J'étais." "Oh, you're still." Well, that's her. Compte to what you might think. I'm quite cut off. I don't look at magazines. I'm not indending very much. And somebody said, "Do you know that your bag is going for a fortune?" "It's the most well-known bag. And then when I went to sing in America, someone said, "Oh, Burkin, like the bag. Has all the bag is not into sing?" "And then, what could you say?" Sometimes one has a good idea. But according to industry experts, the "Burkin" hadn't been an immediate hit. Sales only took off in the late 1990s at the dawn of the luxury "It" bag era. And of course, there was that cameo role in the HBO TV drama "Sex in the City." Here's Kim Catrile's character Samantha trying to buy one in 2001. "It's 4,000." "I know." "And there's a waiting list." "I assumed." "Five years." "For a bag?" "It's not a bag. It's a Burkin." Interest soared. Soon the bag was turning up in pop culture from TV episodes of The Gilmore Girls to the Hollywood film The Proposal. Rapids like Jay-Z, Drake, Cardi B, and others even sang about it. [Music] It's become the quintessential accessory that celebrities have bought in their droves. Kim Kardashian as a gym bag, Kate Moss as a nappy bag. And apparently Victoria Beckham is rumored to own a record. around a hundred of them, so that would be costing her around two million dollars. Along with success came more exclusive models, different sizes, colors and materials, including alligator, lizard and ostrich skins, some studied with diamonds. And while the price tag ranged from a few thousand dollars to more than two hundred thousand for the limited versions, it didn't stop a waiting list from growing. But the bags weren't without controversy. In 2015, Jane asked for her name to be removed from a crocodile skin model. Here's NBC News. Jane Burkin is demanding this particular bag be renamed amid concerns about how the crocodiles are treated. Hermes responded with a statement. An investigation is underway. Any breach of rules will be rectified and sanctioned. The company ultimately resolved the problem, calling it an isolated irregularity, and the Burkin name stayed. Meanwhile Jane was making good use of her bag, covering it in slogans and stickers from the corset she supported, as well as adding key rings and charms. It's very, very heavy. What it's very useful for is handing them over to charities. If you can prove that you've used it and with me it really looks as if we used those I'd kick them about a bit, and then you can sell them off on Internet. I've sold about three or four. And after nine years of use, Jane auctioned the original model to raise money for a French AIDS charity. Bought by a private collector, it came back under the hammer in 2025, two years after Jane's death, which is where our story began, with the sale of the first Burkin bag in Paris. Any guesses what it went for? This is the moment the bidding stopped. At 7 million euros. As you say, the price which includes taxis, works out at around $10 million. The auction lasted around half an hour, with the final price for an excess of what was predicted. Yes, $10 million. For a battered 40 year old handbag. During her lifetime Jane seemed reconciled to the fame it had brought. I think I've done rather well. I'd have at my end that they gave my name on the bag that I drew, true, but on the other hand for the Americans to say "Burkin, like the bag." Yes, like the bag. Jane Burkin, who died in 2023, leaving a legacy of more than 70 films, several hit songs, and a very fashionable handbag, $10 million. And that was Jane Wilkinson looking through the archives for that story. Finally, this week's sporting witness. And this time we're looking at the start of a trend that continues to this day and is followed by thousands of fans in stadiums throughout the world. So get ready to stand up, put your arms in the air, and then sit down again. Rachel Naylor has learned about the origin of the Mexican wave. October 15, 1981. Gordon 47,000 fans of the Oakland A's say goodbye to an incredible season. We're in California in the USA at the home stadium of the Oakland Athletics Baseball Team, known as the Oakland A's. It's the American League Championship Series playoffs against the New York Junkies. Crazy George Henderson is the Oakland A's cheerleader. I found my room, I make funny faces, I threaten people. They roll their eyes by the end of the game. If there's 25,000 people in an arena, I get 25,000 people cheering in unison. As the game progresses, it's not looking good for the Oakland A's. And Crazy George has used up everything in his cheer arsenal. I already did like back and forth cheers across the ballpark. I had three cornered cheers going across the ballpark. I had the whole ballpark clapping in unison. But we needed something different. Now we're behind like a run. Now I've needed a big cheer. But what? Crazy George knows just the thing. Of course he does. He's Crazy George. He's been working on a new cheer at high school rallies and he's been waiting for this moment. I knew in the back of my mind what this cheer does, how it adds energy to the stadium, how it connects the fans. It makes them part of the game. So when I thought about how critical this game was, I said, I have to try it. But he knows that the key to it succeeding is a good position. When you get in the outfield and baseball, you got to rally people. All the rest people sit behind home, played the more reserved. You get out there with the cheap seats. That's where you have fans. So I'm sitting in the stands. I mean, this one section and I knew it wouldn't work because it curved around the stadium so you could see the fans next to you when it's coming. Next he needs to get the crowds attention. Remember he knows the plan, but they don't. Nobody in the arena or the football stadium knew what they were supposed to do except me. So I took three sections and I told them what I wanted. Probably half of them were rolling their eyes because they didn't know what was going to happen. I didn't even know if they would work in a big place like that because I only have by lung power. I got the first section to stand up and in and sit down across the first section. Then I go to the second section when that section starts, you start. And I told the third section, that's as far as my voice would carry. I told those three sections it will probably die because nobody's ever seen it and they're not watching me as a whole ballpark. They're watching the baseball game and I said, this is the secret now. I wanted those three sections to boo when it died. Now all creative George needs is a break in play. In a baseball there's a lot of, as we call it, dead time. It's not like Sagan never stopped. It's both stops a lot and then once in a while you get all this action. It's the fifth inning the Oakland A's are about to bat, the ground works laid. There's a pause in play. It could have been a foul ball or an argument with an unpriever call. It doesn't matter. Crazy George doesn't remember. He and his three sections know what to do. Crazy George grabs his drum. I point to one section. I say, now start. The fans in the first section jump to their feet. Their arms in the air. When they sit down the next section takes their feet and does the same. The wave travels to the fourth and fifth section. It's going. It's going. It's going. And then I was predicted. Tapers off. Start booing. I want to be more rowdy, more booing. We got to get this score. So I pound the drum again and I go. The second wave travels further, but not quite round the whole stadium as crazy George hoped. Now the biggest boo you ever heard came out of this whole one side. That got the attention of everybody and everybody sort of saw what I wanted. Third time looking. It started on my side. It went down behind only, but not just the bottom section. There's three tears. All three tears were doing it. It sweeps behind home plate. It goes down the first face side. Then it comes around to the outfield. It's like a locomotive. The people were screaming as they were standing up and sitting down. It came to our section. It was great. We're shem now rising here. What's amazing. I've never seen anything like this. And he hit my section. I forgot to tell my section that I wanted to keep it going. And they all just stood up and knew this and applauded. Oh my, and it stopped. So now I'm screaming. I'm yelling. I'm a threat to him. I'm saying, what are you doing? I want to keep it going. And so I started a fourth time. All this is happening, but nothing's going on in the field. And they kept it going well. It went right on by us. And it kept going and going about seven times around the ballpark until it got back to us. And it was some excitement on the field and it killed the wave. But who cares what was going on in the baseball game? All right, if you do Oakland Lost. But crazy, George, it's won. He's embedded a new way to cheer. And it's called the wave. I did it three separate times during the game. It was just amazing thing to see. Now the next question is just how inhibiting this will be, whatever it is. Two weeks later, Seattle started it. The University of Washington at their football games. All these other colleges saw what they were doing. And it spread to all the universities around the country. I didn't know it was spreading at the time. But about a year later, I'm not even thinking about it. I see a broadcast of some football game and somebody said, you know, it started in Washington. I said, no, what is that? Washington, are you kidding? Crazy George wasn't having that. Why should they take the credit? Fortunately for him, his game in Oakland was televised. I have an odd video and I have 47,000 witnesses say they saw that wave on October. I think it was in 1981. After about three years, the United States was doing the wave everywhere in high schools. I mean, it football games, basketball games, soccer games. Including, thanks to Crazy George, at the football matches in the 1984 Olympics. in LA. All the Mexican fans came up from Mexico to watch still in Mexico. They saw it. They took it back to Mexico and it started spreading and all their venues of soccer. I didn't know they were doing it but they're doing a wave everywhere. And it was there in Mexico at the football world cup in 1986 that the wave went global. And every venue they did the wave and it was televised around the world. And so every foreign country in the world outside of Mexico. Whoa, what's this thing? And now everybody in the world started doing the wave and what do they call it? The Mexican wave. I was going to say to you mind that we call it the Mexican wave. I can't fight the whole world about that but I'd prefer they call it the crazy wave. But they never do it. He's probably right but that doesn't stop him enjoying seeing and leading them. I'm going to do San Jose State my school till I'm 99. I figured I'll retire after that and I'm only 82. Last five, I slowed up a little. But I can still get a whole stadium going. I have fun doing it. I have more fun than anybody else. In 10 years, 50 years, and 1000 years, there's still going to be people that will do the wave. Crazy George Henderson was speaking to Rachel Nala and we also heard commentary from the Oakland A's Bill King and Lon Simmons. I suspect like many people I had always assumed that the Mexican wave started in Mexico. But there you go. We learn a lot here on the history hour. We'll be back with more next week. So until then, this is Max Pearson from all of us here. Thanks for listening. Goodbye. We weren't going to ask a mission. We're just going to do it. It was such an amazing feeling. It was incredible. He started to write a story about how we came up with the idea for the red and yellow cars. I got to go. We cried a bit. We laughed a bit. It was wonderful. There's a magic during those moments that carries your soul. We were truly blessed to be a part of history. Supporting witness, subscribe wherever you get your BBC podcast. Hello, Greg Jenner here. I'm the host of Your Dead To Me, the BBC comedy show that takes history seriously. Every episode I pair up a top historian with a fantastic comedian and we have a lovely funny, fascinating chat about a different subject from world history. And in this new series, we're beginning with an epic voyage through the story of Homer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey. And that's with Kyle Smith-Bino joining us. And then we'll be learning about Francis Goulton and the racist discredited pseudoscience of Eugenics with Desiree Birch. We'll meet many medieval saints in their bone boxes with Rachel Parrott. So if that sounds like your sort of thing, listen to Your Dead To Me wherever you get your podcast. Thank you. Bye. A global campaign of cyber attacks. This is what's known as the Conti ransomware. But these are no ordinary hackers. They're a successful business. We can bring them down to five million. But for their victims, it's an act of war. That causes unbelievable chaos and puts a target on the hackers' backs. We were able to uncover that these coders were reporting to work. I'm Jeff White and this is CyberHack season four, The Conti Files. Listen now, wherever you get your BBC podcasts, nothing personal, just business.