687. The Odyssey: Hero of the Trojan Horse (Part 1)

Tell me the tale of a man, Muse, who had so many roundabout ways, to wander, driven off course after sacking Troy's hallowed cape. Many of the peoples whose cities he saw, and whose ways of thinking he learned. Many of the toils he suffered a tea anguish in his heart as he struggled to safeguard his life and the homecoming of his companions. But he did not save his companions even so, though he longed to, for the heedlessness destroyed them. There's, and nobody else's, fools that they were, like children who devoured the Sun God Hyperion's cattle. And so he took from them the day of their homecoming. Goddess, start where you will. Daughter of Zeus, share the tale with us too. So that was the opening of Homer's great epic, The Odyssey, brilliantly translated by a friend of the show, Daniel Mendelsson. And there was only one person who was capable of reading that for us. And we're very grateful to the tremendous classical actor Russell Crowe for reading those words. And the reason that Russell agreed to do that for us is because the Odyssey is one of the great foundational moments, the foundational products in all Western culture and civilization. It ranks alongside Homer's other great home, the Iliad composed in the 8th or the 7th century BC. And of course the Bible as an absolute building block of the culture that we now are so familiar with Tom. So the Odyssey has given us so many other stories, hasn't it? You've said that it's kind of foundational work of Western culture, but it's in all kinds of ways a foundational work of Western literature. And possibly beyond that, because there are theories that perhaps the Sinbad cycle, the story of Sinbad, the sailor in the Arabian Knights that perhaps that derived from the Odyssey, because I guess the central core idea is a pretty obvious one when you think about it, which is about a man far from home trying to get back to his wife, to his son, to his homeland. This episode is brought to you by the Lloyd's 5K House Deposit, and this is something that was last seen in 1996. Yeah, so the 1990s looks now like a lost golden age of prosperity and positivity, doesn't it? Think of the sort of the advent of the Blair administration in 1997, all the enthusiasm and excitement that surrounded that. At the economic growth of the time, the technological developments, the sort of sense of an endless golden summer where everyone is listening to Blair and Oasis looking forward to buying their first houses. And that, of course, takes us to mortgages. Now, the good news is that in a nod to the 1990s, Lloyd's are offering 5K deposit mortgages to first-time buyers. So search 5K first-time buyer. 1996 average of first-time buyer deposits are based on ONS data. Subject to status your home may be repossessed if you don't keep up repayments and conditions apply. Hello, now, before we go to today's episode, I have some insanely exciting news for you. On Friday, the 4th of September, Dominic and I will be forming live at the South Bank Centre in London. And better yet, we will be doing something completely new, something that no one has ever heard before on the rest of history. The ultimate Victorian adventure. So to give you just a little taste, we will be in Africa in 1868. The Emperor of Abyssinia Theodore II has kidnapped 59 Europeans and he is holding them hostage after descending into this demented rage because one of his fellow monarchs, Queen Victoria, has declined to answer his letters. I'm not making this up. And the British, after months and months of fruitless waiting, have lost patience and they have sent a military expedition under General Napier halfway around the world to save them in expedition that includes thousands of mules, loads of elephants and they even had to build their own railway across the Highlands of Abyssinia or Ethiopia to try to get to his mountain citadel. It is a bonkers story. Yeah, it's absolutely extraordinary full-blown British imperial epic, full of ludicrous behaviour, mad characters, colossal moustaches, everything that we love on the rest of history. It is, though, I say to myself, a guaranteed classic in the making. So you're probably thinking how can I get a ticket for this extraordinary Victorian adventure? Here is the answer. If you want to get a ticket for this event on Friday, the 4th of September, all you have to do is to go to therestishistory.com. It is as simple as that. You maybe have to part with some money, but it will be money very, very, very, very well spent. See you there. And in Greek, he has this kind of desperate yearning for a Nostos, they called it. This return back home and on this journey along the way, he meets with monsters and he meets with menacing alien environments and he has brushes with powers beyond the limits of mortal understanding. And on top of that, there are strange distortions of time and space. You have multiple narratives and you have these kind of dizzyingly subjective experiences. So it is, I mean, you know, people have suggested that everything that Odysseus tells us in the Odyssey may actually not be true. I mean, we don't know. And that is kind of part of the fascination. It's in one level a very simple story, a man trying to get back home. And on the other, it's kind of brilliantly sophisticated and meta. You made it sound like inception or something. You know, the Christopher Nolan film where Leonardo DiCaprio is trying to get back home to his kind of to his kids. And actually, that's not a coincidence because playing with time, a central character who's trying to return to something meeting with monsters, flashbacks, flash forwards, a sort of dizzying world of events and you're never quite sure exactly where you are. Those are very Christopher Nolan obsessions and Christopher Nolan by an extraordinary coincidence has made a film of the Odyssey that is coming out later this week, Tom on the 17th of July. There's been a lot of conversation about the Odyssey recently. Quite a few controversies already thrown up before people have even seen the film from the trailers and stuff, right? From the trailers. And so we will be having a bonus with Daniel Mendelssohn to talk about that. And that will be out later this week. So massive sense of anticipation, but it's not the only reason I think for doing the Odyssey on the rest of history, because to be honest, it's a story that I've been wanting to do since we began the podcast. And I want to look at perhaps a little bit at the context. So how did it come to be composed? Is anything in the story true? Is it, you know, what degree might it be based on fact? What mirror might it hold up to the reality of the ancient Mediterranean? Whether that's the time that Odysseus is supposed to have lived or the time when Homer is composing it, but also to tell the story itself because it is the story that first got me obsessed with Greek mythology and therefore with ancient history and therefore with history more generally. And so you could say that the Odyssey was the starting point for my own personal Odyssey, which has brought me to this point, Dominic sitting here recording this episode with you. There are tens of people wiping away tears at this already. Alright, so we're going to get into the story and we're going to try to solve some of the mysteries of the Odyssey. Now one difference between you and Homer, I remember you saying to me when we were talking about this is that you felt you could improve on Homer, because you felt that Homer had made a mistake by not beginning at the beginning and proceeding chronologically, but you, you're going to take this different approach, so you're going to proceed very methodically without his haphazard approach. Am I right? Well, I like to think that if Homer were doing it as a podcast, he would do what I'm doing. I mean, if I were writing an epic poem, of course it would be completely different, but this is a podcast. So unlike Homer, we are going to begin at the beginning and we're going to proceed through the story chronologically, which Homer does not do. And I suspect that that's the kind of aspect of the of the epic that Christopher Nolan will be interested in, but we will see. And to tell this story, we won't just be drawing on Homer. We will occasionally be drawing on sources outside the Iliad and the Odyssey to clarify aspects of the plot that his original listeners would have taken for granted. So let's begin right at the beginning. And so for people who don't know the Odyssey, we pick up in the final moments of the Trojan War. So Troy, the great city, the greatest city in Asia, supposedly on the banks of the Hellesbond or the Dardanelles. So if you, people remember the Dardanelles from our Gallipoli episode, Troy has been reduced to a smoking ruin and the people that have done this, Tom, are the Greeks, but Homer doesn't call them the Greeks, does he? - No, he calls them the Keyens. So I think throughout these two episodes, we will be calling the Greeks, the Keyens. That is the word that Homer uses. And the Keyens and the Trojans have been fighting on the plane of Troy. And the Keyens are there to seize back the kidnapped Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, who has been stolen by Paris, the Prince of Troy. And the Trojans are fighting to keep her. And they've been doing this, as we say, for 10 years. And it looks an absolute deadlock. But then, and I'm going to quote here, a bard who features in the Odyssey, and he describes how the sons of a keyer laid the city waste after pouring out of the horse. And the horse, of course, is the Trojan horse, the most successful wheeze in the whole of mythology. I would guess, in the whole history of warfare, certainly the most famous, so famous that it inspired a disastrous project in the Glippoli invasions, didn't it? They got some ship and ran it on, and it was absolute disaster. - Yeah, ran it up onto the beach, and then everyone shot them. - However, the original Trojan horse is not a disaster, it's an absolutely crunching success. And the person who thinks it up is the man who gives his name to the Odyssey. And this is a guy called Odysseus, and he is the son of Leartes. And he's the king of a very small poor island off the west coast of Greece called Ithaca. And so relative to the other Achaean heroes at Troy, the other Greek heroes, who are kings of famous, golden cities like Mycenae or Sparta, Odysseus is very much a kind of second division king. However, he is one of the standout stars of the Trojan war, and this is because he has qualities that enable him to transcend the poverty of his kingdom. So he's a brilliant warrior, he's famous for his courage, for his prowess on the battlefield, but he's also by far the smartest of the warriors on both sides in the Trojan war. He's very clever, he's very inventive, he's devious, he's a dab hand with a trick, with a lie. And as such, he is the particular favorite of the goddess Athena, the great warrior goddess, who is simultaneously the goddess of warfare, but also the kind of the domestic sciences and everything that kind of contributes to civilization. And so she values intelligence for its own sake. And over the course of the Trojan war, she's always keeping an eye on him and occasionally appearing to him. And she says to him, she addresses him directly, you are by far the best of all mortal men, for schemes, for your way with words, while I, more than all other gods, have a name for cunning and shrewdness. And in the Odyssey, there are a number of women who fall in love with Odysseus or who are in love with Odysseus, and among those I would rank Athena. I think, you know, there is a kind of love affair there between the mortal and the goddess. - But this business about women falling in love with him is in the future, isn't it? You're doing a Christopher Lone and you're flashing forward. Because, in fact, Odysseus at this point, you know, Troy is a smoking roon. He has only one object in mind. And that is simply to get home as quickly as possible to his wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus. So his son, he hasn't seen since he was a baby, a baby, basically, or a toddler. And he's also got a dog that he's very keen on and the dog is called Argos. - Yes, who Odysseus had raised him as a puppy. - Right, so talk to me about Penelope. What's Penelope like? So Penelope is obviously more important to the plot than Argos, the dog. So Penelope is the cousin of Helen. And Odysseus, unlike everyone else, who'd gone completely mad for Helen. Odysseus had always had eyes only for Penelope. And this is because Penelope is basically very like him. She's very clever. She's very strong-minded. She's absolutely suited to him. So she's a model of what Homer calls Homer Frasini, which means kind of like-mindedness. You have a kind of similar sensibility. And Odysseus was so in love with her that prior to the departure of the Greeks for Troy, he had actually tried to get out of having to go to the expedition. This is not in Homer, but people listening in ancient Greece and listening to the Odyssey would have known that Odysseus's devotion to Penelope was such that he'd tried to pull this trick and get out of going to the war. And he's the only hero of whom such a thing is recorded. So what did he do? When the Greek ambassadors summoning him to come to join the expedition and go to Troy with them had arrived in Ithaca, he said, "I can't come, I'm mad." And they said, "Well, in what way are you mad?" And he said, "Well, look at me. Here I am, I've yoked a horse and an ox, and I'm plowing a beach with salt. Clearly, I'm absolutely mad." And so most of the Greek ambassadors are persuaded by this, but one of the ambassadors is not. And he looks around and he sees that Telemachus' nurse standing nearby with the baby Telemachus in her arms. And so this ambassador goes over and snatches the baby and places it in front of the horse and ox as Odysseus is driving them along the beach. And what Odysseus is gonna do, he has the choice. He can either drive across the little baby, kill it, but not have to go to Troy or Swerve and reveal that he's not actually mad. And so he opts to Swerve and not kill his baby's son and he's rumbled. And so he duly has to leave for Troy and he sets sail at the head of a fleet of 12 ships and Homer in the Iliad describes their prowess, flashing crimson. And he's there for the 10 years, he fights heroically, he comes up with the weeds of the Trojan horse, Troy falls, Odysseus takes lots of loot. He's ready to go back home, him and his 12 ships. And so off they sail. - Right, but the journey home is not quite as simple as the journey there is it. - That is putting it mildly. - Right. And this is partly because they keep getting distracted and they're distracted right from the very start. So they set off the winds blow them west from Troy, they're going along the northern kind of coastline of the Aegean and they arrive at a place called Ismaris. And there instead of sort of putting a shore for supplies, shaking hands with the harbor master, exchanging pleasantries with the burgers of the town, Odysseus by some standards behaves very poorly. - Well, he has something of the Viking about him. I think it's fair to say. So here is Odysseus talking about what he did at Ismaris. I laid waste the city and killed the men after dragging their wives from the city with a great deal of booty as well. And it's fair to say that neither home or any ancient source of which I am aware mentions what happens to these women that Odysseus and his men have kind of dragged off into slavery. I mean, do they die on the voyage? What, I mean, what are they sold? I mean, we just don't know. - Nothing good. - Nothing good, I think. One man in Ismaris is spared. And this is a guy called Maron who is a priest of the God Apollo and his family is spared as well. And Maron to show his gratitude for this gives Odysseus seven bars of gold, a silver mixing bowl, and 12 and four of wine. And this wine is described as being sweet and undiluted, a drink for the gods. And we mentioned this in our episode on the history of wine. It's a kind of ancient Greek premier gone crew. It is incredibly strong. And Maron suggests to Odysseus that one portion of this wine should be mixed with 19 portions of water. And that anyone who drinks it need is obviously the most monstrous barbarian. So that is just something for listeners to bear in mind. - And Odysseus, you know, he's pleased with all this. He's ready to head off. But again, this is a theme that will recur throughout the Odyssey and indeed these episodes. His men, when he says, right, let's crack on, they've got stuck into the wine and they've also having a barbecue hence the rustic row voice for the beginning because there's something very Australian about Odysseus's crew. I mean, basically wherever they stop, they have barbecues and start grilling meat on the beach. And that's a terrible thing to do. - It is because it enables the locals who've been beaten off to kind of rally and return to the attack with much larger numbers of men. And so Odysseus and his men find themselves horribly outnumbered. They form a shield wall. But as the sun sets on the scene of battle, they're forced to retreat onto their ships and they manage to escape essentially by the skin of their teeth. And over 70 of his men are left dead. So already the expedition is starting to leech manpower. However, they get away. They sail southwards across the Aegean. They round the southernmost tip of Greece and the southernmost tip of the Peloponnese Cape Malia. And now all Odysseus has to do is kind of steer around the Cape, head northwards, go around the kind of the edge of the Peloponnese and there is Ithaca waiting for him. But disaster because as they round the Cape a violent storm blows up. Terrible winds blow them and blow them and blow them. They rage for nine days and nights and when the nine days and nights of wind finally calms down they've got no idea where they are. And on the 10th day they see land and they more there and Odysseus sends a couple of scouts to go up the beach, head in land and try and work out where they are. And then he sits there and he waits for them to return but they don't come back. And so finally he thinks we better go and work out what's going on here. And so he leaves the ship, follows their footsteps. You can track them. up the beach, goes inland and he finds them and they are kind of their half asleep. They're all blissed out. They've got a kind of spaced look on their half faces smiling happily. And he tries to kind of rouse them, tells them come and we've got to get cracking and they don't want to move. And finally he uses force, he kind of physically drags them and they start to sob. They just want to stay there and chill acts and you know have fun and be mellow and not go kind of roaring off around the world. They can't be asked to go home. They don't want to. They're enjoying themselves too much where they are and Odysseus realises where they are. They have come to the land of the lotus eaters and Homer explains what this means. Now whichever of them ate the honey sweet fruit of the lotus no longer had any desire to send word of themselves or return. And so Odysseus is aware that if all his crew get out and start munching on the lotus they will never return home. And so he orders his fleet to leave immediately because they can't risk losing the will for the nostos, the will for the return home. So let's just stop the story right there and ask what this is all about. So what do people think the land of the lotus eaters refers to? Is there something in, I don't know, Bronze Age history or something that would that is the genesis of this idea? I mean it's a question that the Greeks themselves asked. So Herodotus the first historian. He worked out that the land of the lotus eaters must have been on the North African coast because the winds have been blowing Odysseus in that direction. So this is just kind of due south of Sicily. Victorian scholars thought that probably it was opium. And I think this probably says more about the Victorians than it does about Homer because it was a great age for opium dens. But it's a very kind of popular idea. There are other theories which I was kind of looking up for this episode. Apparently there's a small tree called the zizifus lotus. But the problem with that is it's not narcotic. And there is apparently a blue lotus which does have psychotropic properties. So maybe it's that. I don't know, I'm not a specialist in the the flora of North Africa. It's more likely surely that this is a a literary symbol. The lotus needing no. That it's basically about um losing yourself and losing side of your goal. I mean I think it's important for the for the whole structure of the poem that you have to completely believe in Odysseus's desperation to get back home and that his men share in that desperation. And so in a way the best way to kind of highlight that is to show the alternative what that would mean. And essentially it just means kind of chilling out and doing nothing which might have its appeal. But ultimately it's seen as a danger. And so when Odysseus pushes off from the land of the lotus eaters the reader or the listener can feel confident that this is a man utterly committed to getting back home. And this is very important because all kinds of obstacles as we will see are going to be waiting for him on his journey back. Well let's get to the next obstacle which is the most famous obstacle of all. So they set off, don't they? They they reach another bit of land. So this is a little island. As far as they can tell the island is inhabited only by world goats. They have another barbecue inevitably. And they see that there's a larger island nearby and on this island they can see smoke rising into the sky. So that's an interesting and exciting and tantalizing sign. And Odysseus he goes off on his own. Am I right to to find out what's on this island? The smoke but there's no sign of agriculture which is a puzzle because they would assume that a kind of a settlement people would be telling fields but there's no sign of that. And so Odysseus is a little bit a little bit nervous about this not sure what that might portend. And so he sets sail in a single ship. So he leaves the other 11 ships kind of hidden off the smaller island. He goes off. He crosses over to the main island. They land and they walk along the beach and they see a cave. And the entrance to this cave is kind of it's it's walled off with with a kind of stone wall. So he thinks well this is obviously signs of habitation. And so he he decides to investigate and he takes his 12 bravers men with him. And he also takes with him a goat skin filled with that delicious very strong wine that has been given to him by marron the priest of Apollo. And they go up to the cave and they call out and there's no answer. And so they decide to kind of wander in and investigate. And they find that it's empty except for for lambs and for kids who are in pens. And there are racks and racks of cheeses. So clearly there is someone living here. And Odysseus decides to wait for the owner of the cave to return. And they build a fire. And they grill some cheese. And it's like a kind of I suppose a kind of Mediterranean hiking holiday or something like that. Again it's this kind of Ozzy style obsession with having barbecues at inappropriate moments. They're laid out having this barbecue and outside the sun is setting. And towards dusk the earth starts to shake. So it's a little bit like the scene in Jurassic Park when the glass of water on the jeep starts to shake. And it's not a tyrannosaur that appears. But a monstrous giant human figure and he is driving flocks of sheep and goats ahead of him and he enters the cave. And as he enters the cave he blocks out the light. As the eyes of the achaeans adjust they look up into his face and they see that he has only a single eye. So this is a cyclops and it's a cyclops by the name of polyphemus. And polyphemus is of immense size and therefore strength and he picks up a giant boulder and uses it to seal the entrance. It would be completely impossible for the for Odysseus and his men to move it. And then he looks around with his single eye and he spots Odysseus and his men cowering at the back of the cave and he demands to know who they are. And just to be just a check do they know what he is? Do they have a sense of him? Or is he something they've never heard of and never seen before? I think the general vibe is that he's not good news. Okay. He's enormous, he's fierce looking, he's got a single eye. I don't think that this is the kind of person that you probably want to run into when you've been grilling his cheese. But he's hopeful that perhaps he could get this guy on his side. And so he conquers his fear and he steps forward and he introduces himself. He introduces himself as a keon but he doesn't really give any more detail. And when polyphemus asks Odysseus you know where is your ship? Odysseus lies and says that they've lost it in a storm. He loves the fib. He doesn't want to give away too much because he is clearly nervous about whether polyphemus is the kind of person you want within whose cave you want to be stuck. And when polyphemus learns that their ship has been sunk, he reaches for two of Odysseus's men, smashes out their brains on the floor, devours them, falls asleep, stretched out among his flocks. So there Dominic is your answer. He's not good news. He's not the kind of person you want to be stuck in a cave with. He's blocked them in the cave with a boulder, which is crucial. So they can't just kill him because they wouldn't be able to move the boulder, right? Exactly so. So they have no choice but to pass this completely miserable night. And in due course, as Homer puts it morning born dawn touches the sky with her rosy fingertips. Polyphemus wakes up and for breakfast he has two more of Odysseus's men, you know, he smashes them again on the kind of the side of the wall and devours them. And then he moves the boulder, drives out his flocks and then seals the cave up again with the boulder. So again, Odysseus and his men are stuck there. So you know, what are they going to do now? This seems an impossible situation. But Odysseus fortunately, you know, he is blindingly smart. And so he looks around and he realizes that there is a possible way out because polyphemus has got a club and this club is enormous. It's kind of like the size of the trunk of an enormous tree, the length and scale of a, the mast of a ship. So Odysseus gets his men to whittle this club down to a very, very sharp point. And then when they've done that, they can seal it under kind of sheep's ginseng whatever. And when polyphemus returns that evening, he devours two more men, Odysseus steps forward and he offers polyphemus a cup of marons delicious and did I mention it's very strong wine. They brought the wine with them crucial. And polyphemus is clearly about barian because he does not water it down. Instead he guzzles it down neat. And then when Odysseus comes forward and offers him another two cups of this wine, he guzzles that down as well. And once he's had these three cups of wine, he asks Odysseus for his name. And Odysseus does not give his real name. Instead he says, my name is Utis, which means in Greek, no one. So clever. And polyphemus says, well, as a thank you for the wine, here is what I'm going to do. I will eat you last. Great giant laugh. He then falls asleep. And as he falls asleep, he kind of belches and vomits up wine and bits of hand and bits of flesh. And it all spews out onto the floor of the cave. And polyphemus to kind of rolls over, vomits up a bit more. And then he's flat out and he's snoring at the cave echoes to the sound of the snores. And this is the chance that Odysseus has been waiting for. So he and his men remember have got this club which they've sharpened into a spike and they heat this giant spike in the fire and then they clamber up the body of the sleeping cyclops and they aim it over his single eye, point rests on the lid, it just gives the signal and then it's driven deep into the eye of the cyclops. And to quote Homer his eye lids and his brows were blistered all round by the blast, the sea eyeball burned, it's roots crackling in the fire and understandably polyphemous screams and howls, he pulls the spike out of his eye and hurls it against the side of the cave and starts bellowing for help. And there are other cyclops you know his neighbours and they hear his cries and they come down and they ask him what has happened and again to quote Homer from inside the cave mighty polyphemous made his reply, "Friends no one is killing me." And so his friends aren't so well if no one is killing you, if no one is harmed you and it's clearly then just a malady sent by Zeus, you must pray to your divine father for relief and polyphemous divine father is Poseidon the god of the sea, so a very very powerful god indeed. Not good news if you want to get home by sea, right? I mean to have Poseidon against you. Absolutely. So brilliant from Odysseus, he's come up with you know with a spike in the eye wheeze and also the whole you know calling himself nobody means that the other cyclops think that nothing's the matter with polyphemous but they're still not out of danger because what polyphemous does now is to push back the the boulder because he's got to let his flocks of sheep and goats go out and as they kind of start milling out through the cave entrance he feels each one to make sure that Odysseus and his men aren't trying to kind of creep out hidden among the flocks. But again Odysseus is equal to this challenge so what he does is he ties each of his men underneath the belly of of a sheep and they all kind of manage to get out and polyphemous doesn't realize that they're kind of tied under the bellies of the sheep and then he himself there's one giant ram and he hugs on to the fleece of this giant ram and the ram trots out and polyphemous he strokes the ram and realises that this is you know his beloved ram and feels that it's walking slowly because of the weight but he thinks that the ram is walking slowly out of grief for his blinded master so very sad anyway Odysseus and his men managed therefore to get out of the cave cut themselves free from from the sheep they drive the entire flock of sheep down towards their ship they load the the sheep onto the boat so that you know they can kind of roast them later and have another barbecue and then they pull out to see but Odysseus is a warrior and he wants the person he's defeated to know who has the vanquished him and so he taunts the blinded cyclops from his ship as it's pulling out and polyphemous is so furious that he kind of groups for the top of a mountain and pulls the summit off and hurls the rock in the direction of Odysseus and it lands just in front of Odysseus's ship and there's a great tsunami and it washes Odysseus's ship back towards the shore and it looks like they're going to be shipwrecked on it so Odysseus takes a pole and it's kind of like a punt you know trying to kind of push it off the side of the river so he pushes their ship back out to see he and his men row frantically and then again he cannot help himself and he stands on the rear of the ship and he yells taunts at polyphemous again and fatally reveals his true identity he announces himself as Odysseus sacker of cities the son of lairties who holds his home in Ithaca and when polyphemous hears this he gives a great groan and he raises his arms and he prays to Poseidon the god of the sea his divine father hear me Poseidon earth shaker you of the deep blue mane grant that Odysseus sacker of cities may never reach his home that son of lairties who holds his home in Ithaca but if his fate is to see his loved ones once more and make it back home to his strong built palace and to the land of his fathers then let him come late and hapless after losing all his comrades on a ship that is not his own and may he find trouble at home that boaths very ill for Odysseus if Poseidon hears his son's prayer and if Poseidon does say that prayer of course then Odysseus s prospects of getting back to Ithaca with all of his men are hanging in the balance and we'll find out what happens next after the break hey this is Michael and Hannah from goal hangers the rest is science this episode is brought to you by cancer research UK when we talk about beating cancer we often focus a lot on survival and that can mean overlooking impacts that that last long after treatment ends yeah for example take cancers in children and young people the treatments themselves can be incredibly harsh they can cause lifelong side effects like infertility or hearing loss and cancerous UK is working to change that because young people they should be able to grow up hearing the voices of the people that they love and living their lives to the fullest that's right and one clinical trial led by cancer research UK showed that giving another drug alongside chemotherapy nearly half the number of children losing their hearing and today the treatment combination is being used by doctors across the world for more information about cancer research UK their research and breakthroughs and how you can support them visit cancerresearchuk.org/restisciences you've been writing to us a lot one of the most requested subjects ever since we started the rest of this history which is the Spanish Civil War now I can tell you exclusively that plans are a foot for us to do the Spanish Civil War at some point hopefully next year in 2027 but there's a little taster or teaser on our sister show the book club my co-presenter tabby and I have just released an episode on perhaps the emblematic novel of the Spanish Civil War which is Ernest Hemingway's book for whom the bell tolls so in this episode we do dig into the history we talk about the clash between fascism and idealism we talk about the roots of the conflict and of course the way in which it drew in so many foreign intellectuals and artists and writers Hemingway of course among them and many of you will know that Hemingway was in Spain during the war he was a correspondent in Madrid which was under siege by Francois forces and he draws on that experience in for whom the bell tolls to tell a story of an American volunteer who's part of a guerrilla unit who are fighting Francois troops so if you keep listening at the end of this episode we will have an exclusive short clip which discusses the history of the Spanish Civil War. Welcome back to The Rest Is History so our hero Odysseus has been swept by gales and storms far from the familiar waters of Greece and the Aegean and he is ended up in a very mysterious and murky dimension a place where people are off their faces on narcotic notices where one eyed monstrous giants are dashing people's brains out and having them for breakfast. Now to the original listeners of this story because people would have listened to it that have heard it rather than read it I think would they have seen these adventures I mean is this the stuff of fairytales and fantasy or did they think these things really happened? I mean on one level obviously it is fantasy but there was a sense that these islands could be located in the geography of the Mediterranean Sea so we've heard that Herodotus the first great historian he located the land of the lotus eaters in North Africa and there was a tradition as well among the Greeks that the cave of polyphemus had lane beneath the Mount Etna in Sicily and Etna of course is a volcano so there is a sense of fire hidden in the mountain and the story was that the the cyclops used these fires of Etna to forge the thunderbolts that they then gave to Zeus and that polyphemus is one of these cyclops that were working on the thunderbolts. There is a brilliant theory about why one eyed giants might have been identified with Sicily so there's a wonderful book by a paleontologist called Adrian Mayer who's written about what the ancient thought ancient fossils were and she suggested that there were dwarf elephants on Sicily so they gone extinct long before ancient Greek times but their skulls might have been discovered and because you have the trunk the nasal cavity if you look at the skull of an elephant it does look a little bit like a kind of single eye I mean there's no proof for it but it's a kind of it's a wonderful idea is this not trying too hard to find a sort of banal mundane explanation for what's clearly a fantastical story I mean to me it would seem like this isn't inspired by skulls of like elephants this isn't inspired by the fear of the unknown the fear of the monstrous all of that kind of stuff I think that the story of these monsters lurking on strange islands that these are anxieties that are bred of the age in which the odyssey is being written down and it's an age where when Greek colonists are starting to settle Sicily and the Western reaches of the Mediterranean, and I think that polyphemus is a kind of nightmare-ish vision of a barbarian who does not live by the rules of life that the Greeks associate with civilization. So that's why Homer specifies that he drinks his wine neat. It's why he specifies that there's no agriculture. These are people who by the standards of the Greek colonists are backward and savage and kind of frightening for that reason. So clearly, as you say, I mean, polyphemus is a figure of fantasy, one of the most memorable figures in the whole history of fantasy, but he is clearly, I think, bringing to life the anxieties of adventurers who are sailing into strange seas and unsettling lands that are often very hostile. So, there is a brilliant book on this by a scholar called Carol Dowty, The Rath of Odysseus, and to quote from that, "imbedded within a familiar, mythic story pattern of a time and people long ago are details and themes that belong to the contemporary world of its audience." And that's kind of what you would expect, and it reminds me a bit of the way in which, in the 1960s, in Star Trek, if you watch it now, it's Captain Kirk going around. You know, strange planets and all of that, but so many of those episodes are plainly about anxieties and complex that are manifest in 1960s America. And you would think that probably, you know, Mutatis Mutandas, the same is true of what's going on in the Odyssey, that this is fantastical, but it is also kind of drawing on all kinds of anxieties that reflect the character of the Age and Greece. So let's take the next adventure they have. So this is the island of King Aolus, and he is what, he's the god of the winds. Yeah, he's the god of the winds, and on one level, as with the Cyclops, he's plainly a fantastical figure, because his island is if floats, and it has ramparts made of unbreakable bronze, and yet at the same time, the Greeks were so confident where his island was anchored that to this day, we call the archipelago of islands the Iolean Islands. Oh, yeah, of course. It was clearly a very, very strong tradition as to where Ioleus had actually been. I've been to the Iolean Islands. They're very nice. Lovely. There you go. You're following in the footsteps of Odysseus. And Ioleus, unlike polyphemus, is a very civilized man, and he's obedient to the Greek laws of what they call zinear, which is hospitality towards foreigners. If you meet a foreigner, the kind of mutual exchange of gifts, the contrast with polyphemus is very obvious and deliberate, I think. And Ioleus hosts Odysseus and his men for an entire month in his kind of magnificent palace with its great bronze walls and all of that. And then he places all the contrary wins, the wins that would prevent Odysseus from getting back to Whitaker, in a massive great bag. And he gives this bag to Odysseus to keep in his hold, so you can imagine the bag kind of bulging and moving with all these wins trying to get out, so that the west wind will blow him back home. And Ioleus says, you'll be absolutely fine with this, it's just, you know, just bear in mind the one thing, whatever you do, do not open that bag. And just to reiterate, whatever you do, do not open that bag. And so Odysseus, to make absolutely sure that the winds do not escape from the bag, for nine days and nights he doesn't sleep, he sits there kind of keeping his eye on the bag. And finally, they are so close to Whitaker that Odysseus can see smoke rising from half fires on the island. He is all so nearly there, you know, he's been awake all this time. And so fatally he dozes off very briefly. And his men seeing him at sleep, you know, they're aware that he's been watching this bag. And so they start muttering among themselves and say, well, what's in the bag? I mean, what's, you know, why is he so anxious about it? Clearly it must be full of treasure and he's keeping it for himself and he's not sharing with us and it's not fair. So let's open up the bag and share the treasure out among ourselves before we arrive in Ithaca. And they pull on the rope, they undo the bag. The winds come screaming and howling out of the bag, massive, great storms. Odysseus is blown all the way back to the island of Iolus. And when he goes up to Iolus and says what has happened? Have you already more winds? Well, basically he says, you know, will you put them in the bag again? And Iolus says, no, get out for it's clear that you've come here as one hated by the gods. And again, you could see how, if you're venturing, say, into the Western Mediterranean from Greece, a knowledge of the winds is going to be really important. You know, getting information from local sources would be a requirement for anyone who wants to make a successful voyage. So again, I think you can see how that might feed into a story like this. Yeah, completely. Things have gone wrong for them. And for the next six days, they have to row, don't they? Six days and nights. And they arrive in this fantastic harbor. It's a perfect harbor. Yeah, high cliffs, headlands and circling it. And 11 of the ships go in and Odysseus' ship stays outside. And this is Odysseus being smart again, because Tom what happens next? Yeah, because he can see it's a perfect harbor. But that also makes it a perfect trap. And Odysseus is very sensible not to have just gone plowing in, because this turns out to be the land of a people called the Lestragonians, who again are giant cannibals. And there are thousands of them. And they all mass on the cliffs that surround this perfect harbor. And again, to quite home, from the cliffs, they kept hurling down boulders. Any one of which a man would be hard pressed to lift. And the ships, they're trapped inside this harbor and they are rapidly reduced to matchwood. And the Lestragonians then wave out into the sea. And they spear Odysseus' men like their fish, like their tuna. And only Odysseus, and his now solitary ship, escaped the slaughter. So people will remember that curse that Polyphemus had laid on Odysseus that he would return without his men. Well, 11 of those ships have gone. And again, is there a real life equivalent to this? So you were talking about the Aolean Islands and the Lotus Eaters, the Explanation of the Lotus Eaters. What do historians think about the Lestragonians? The Greeks identified it again with Sicily. And this has appeared where they're starting to settle Sicily. And again, I think the story speaks of anxieties about murderous natives. And I think there's the specific twist here, which is with your ships, you see a perfect spot for a colony. I mean, it might be a perfect spot, but that might make it all the more dangerous because perfect spots would presumably already be settled and there would be people who would not welcome your arrival. So again, I think you can see how these stories of colonization and settlement that are determinous with Homer's composition of the Odyssey, that this is probably what's going on, probably feeding into stories like that. Okay, so we've had a few stories that seem quite obviously to reflect anxieties about the Greek age of colonization. But the next adventure is much stranger, isn't it? And this is much more like a sort of going into some fantasy dreamscape or something. Yeah. Again, to kind of pursue the science fiction parallel. This is, you know, you're going through a wormhole or experiencing a singularity. You're going into a different dimension where the rules of what are normal are suspended. However, it's not immediately obvious to Odysseus that this is what has happened. So they've made their escape from the Lestrigonians. They keep sailing as the wind blows them and they arrive to another island. They more of it. And at first, everything seems completely normal. This goes on a scouting mission, he runs into a stag, he kills it, he brings it back. They all have another barbecue. The next day, Odysseus wants to go deeper into the hinterland of the island. So he divides his men into two groups. One led by him, one led by a particularly brave crew member called Eurilicus. And lots of cars to see which one of them, which of these two groups will go and explore and which will stay and look after the ship. And the lock falls on Eurilicus to go inland and to try and scout out who or what might be on this island. So Eurilicus and his scouting party head inland. And in due course, they come to a beautiful palace with spreading lawns and gardens. And there are wolves and lions in this garden. And so, understandably, Eurilicus is men draw their swords, they're nervous of these predators. But the lions and wolves seem weirdly tame. And they form on Eurilicus and his men, like domestic dogs. And while they're wondering about this and thinking what else is going on here, from inside the palace, they hear the beautiful voice of a woman and she's singing. And she's clearly working on a loom. And they call out to her and this woman comes to them and she opens these great gleaming doors and she invites them in. And she is fabulously gorgeous, beautifully dressed, I mean, clearly a queen. And so all Eurilicus is men except for Eurilicus himself. They walk inside Eurilicus who has clearly been chosen by Odysseus because he has a quality suspicion and intelligence that Odysseus identifies with, he stays outside, he doesn't trust this woman, thinks of something, a little bit sinister about her, and he's not wrong, because the woman seats Eurolicus's men down on couches, and then she brings them food, cheese and barley, and tawny honey together with Pramney and wine, and this food and this drink we're told are mixed with sinister drugs, and Eurolicus's men eat and drink their fill, and then once they have gorge themselves, the woman walks around the dining area, and she taps them with a wand, and immediately they start turning into pigs, their heads, their grunts, their bristles, their bodies, although their minds were as sound as they'd always been, so they are humans trapped in the bodies of a pig, and Eurolicus has watched all of this, and he manages to get away and he runs back to Odysseus, reports it to Odysseus, and from this point on the story becomes even stranger, so Odysseus is determined to redeem his men from the spell, you know, aside from anything else he needs them, he won't be able to kind of rave the ship without them, so he sets off to confront this woman who is patently a sorceress, and on his way he meets for the first time in the course of his wanderings, a bona fide Olympian, one of the top 12 gods on Mount Olympus, and this is Hermes the messenger of the gods, so has clearly been sent by someone we presume Athena to help him out, and Hermes gives Odysseus an awesome drug of his own, and this is a black-rooted herb with a white flower called the moly, an armed with the moly, and it's unclear exactly what the moly might be based on, but anyway it's very powerful, as great magic, Odysseus proves immune to the sorceress's spells, and this is despite the fact that we discover this sorceress is herself a goddess, she is a daughter of the sun, and her name is Cersei of the beautiful braids, and at swordpoint Odysseus forces Cersei to submit, and Cersei submits, and then invites Odysseus to bed, and Odysseus says no way, unless you could bear to swear a great oath to me, goddess, not to plot any more evil that is meant to do me harm, and Cersei swears the oath, and then Odysseus goes to bed with her. She then restores his men to human form younger than before, far more handsome now, and much taller to look upon, so that's all worked out well. But then the twist, you might expect Odysseus to rush off, but he doesn't, he stays for a year, he and his crew stay with Cersei for a year, don't they? And actually, Odysseus seems to be enjoying this so much, that it's his men who come to him and say, have you forgotten about going home? We were meant to be going home, your house with its high built roof and the land of your fathers is still waiting for you, Ithaca, and come on, let's crack on and leave. And what is going on here, do you think? So is this an allegory for sexual desire? Is it female wilds? What's all this about? It clearly complicates the notion of Odysseus as a man driven by a kind of, you know, an absolute focus on getting back to Ithaca and to his beloved wife, Penelope, and just, you know, if people will obviously be wondering about this, Odysseus is meant to be devoted to his wife. His sexual relationship with Cersei is a complete non-issue to Homer. It's expected that a man no matter how much he may be devoted to his wife will obviously sleep around him. It's absolutely given. I think there is a kind of eeriness to this episode, though, obviously it's not naturalistic because it's a woman who's turning a little bit, but I don't think we should understand the passage of time here as simply being, you know, he's having a great time, he fails to notice what's going on, and then before you know it a year has gone by. I think that there's a kind of quality of the shaman about Cersei, the sense that she has conducted Odysseus and his men into a dimension of mystery and magic where time moves at a different pace. And so what she's offering Odysseus, I think, is a kind of akin to an initiation. And the year passes pretty much in the blink of an eye. And when Odysseus goes through and says, "I really want to carry on." Cersei doesn't object to this, but she says, "Before you do this, you must go even further beyond my island to the dwelling place of Hades and Red Persephone, and Hades and Persephone are the king and queen of the dead. They rule the underworld." And Cersei is sending Odysseus onto the land of Hades. Because here in the land of the dead, you've got mist, you've got cloud, it shrouds the farthest boundaries of ocean. If he gets to the land of the dead, he can consult with someone who will be able to tell him the best way to get back home. And this is the great prophet Teraceus. And we have already met him in an episode of the rest of his history, the episode that we did on Eedipus. And he's died and he's now in the underworld. And I think there is something, it's a kind of something of the superhero franchise, isn't there here, that characters who are the star of one film kind of reappear as a bit of a bit part in another. Yeah, this is the Cersei cinema to universe. Actually, have you read Madeline Miller's novel about Cersei? Yes. Brilliant, isn't it? It gives you the whole episode from her perspective. Anyway, Odysseus and Co, they go off to the land of Hades, and this is something that nobody's ever done before. They're the first ship ever to sail to, I mean, who knew that you could sail there? This was a surprise to me. This is why you need Cersei to tell you such things. Right. No one had ever thought to do it before. And also Cersei has told him what to do when he lands on the land of the dead. I have to get the ghost to talk to him because there is a complication. Once you are a ghost, your ability to speak fades very rapidly until you have drunk blood. And so Cersei has said, take a load of sheep, dig a trench, then when you dug the trench, slit the throats of the sheep and fill the trench with blood, the ghosts will be drawn by it like vampires. And you have to keep the dead at bay until Tyracius has drunk. And this is what Odysseus does. Tyracius drinks the blood and then is able to talk. And he gives Odysseus all kinds of brilliant travel tips. So he says, this is the crucial thing you have to bear in mind. You may find yourself landing on an island called Thrinatia. And this island is sacred to Helios the sun god Hyperion. This is the god mentioned in the opening that you read Dominic. If you find yourself on this island, no matter what you do, do not kill and barbecue the cattle. You have the vibe of people who love nothing more than a barbecue. He's absolutely kind of, you know, he's he's he's put his finger on them. Yeah, Australians don't have a barbecue. Just don't do it. Because if you do, everything will go wrong. And a Tyracius tells Odysseus the details of what will go wrong. You will get back home late and hapless after losing all your comrades on a ship that is not your own. And of course, that is echoing the curse that Polyphemus had laid on Odysseus earlier. And Tyracius goes on and says that if you and your men kill this cattle, you will find your halls when you get back home filled with braggarts, pestering and courting your wife. So just, you know, just don't go there. So Tyracius, you know, he's drunk his fill and then he gives this advice and then he kind of flits away in a kind of spectral manner. And then all the other shades start to feed on the blood. And I think, you know, incredibly sinister scene. And then Odysseus talks to some of them and among them is his mother who had died while he was away in Troy. You know, he hadn't realized that she was dead. And three times he tries to embrace her and three times she just kind of melts in his arms, like a shadow or a dream. And he meets Agamemnon, the king of men, the commander of the Achaeans at Troy. He's been murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra. And so he tells Odysseus the story of that. And then very famously Odysseus meets the great hero of the Iliad, the greatest of all the Achaean warriors, Achilles, the man who at the end of the Iliad had killed Hector the greatest of the Trojan warriors. And Achilles had been offered the choice when he was very young of a life short but full of glory or a long life but living in obscurity. And Achilles tells Odysseus, I made a terrible mistake. I went for the short life full of glory, but I would far rather live off the earth as the surf of another man, some man with a pitiful portion who barely eats out a living than rule here as the Lord of all those who are dead and gone. So to me, that is the single most interesting moment of the entire Odyssey. Because it undermines the cult of the hero and the sort of the emphasis on glory and martial vigor and writing your name in neon letters that will never fade and all of that kind of thing. And basically, Homer is implying that there is an argument for saying, it's a bit like in the Madeline Miller book, Cersei, this is what Telemica says, it's better to be obscure, it's actually better to have a nice quiet life and no one knows you even exist than to be a great hero and to be re-thringed, glory and stuff. That all passes and it's meaningless. Yes, I think that's absolutely what he was saying, but also what Achilles is saying essentially is the greatest of all gifts is immortality. You never want to die. you ever. get offered the gift of immortality, you want to embrace it with open arms. That is essentially what he's saying. That is something that will impact on a decision that Odysseus has to make and do course, but we will come to that. But do you think Homer genuinely means that his listeners should have a think about their cult of glory and all of that or not? I think that it is one of the things that shadows the Greek devotion to competition, to heroism, to courage, to glory, is the fact that there is no equivalent of the Christian or Muslim heaven for all, but the very greatest. That death is a shadowy, dull existence where you're a kind of a jibbering shadow who has to drink blood even to speak. I mean, there's nothing there. And so it makes the blaze of life all the more kind of glorious. So anyway, as you say, I mean, it is an amazing, amazing moment in the poem and in the kind of broader sweep of ancient Greek culture. So Odysseus has got what he came for. He's got this advice from Teraceus. And so now he goes back to the lady Cersei who feasts them. And then after the meal, she says to Odysseus, okay, just go. As soon as Dawn appears, set sail. And she then advises him on how he should negotiate the various dangers that will be awaiting him on the next stage of his voyage. And she says, you are going to be passing the island of the sirens. And these are carnivorous creatures, heads of women, bodies of birds, they have irresistibly beautiful voices. So that's what the word siren means. And they sit on this island perched amid a great pile of bones. And Cersei has a suggestion. She says, all your men should put wax in their ears so they can't hear it. And you, if you want to hear the song of the sirens, get your men to tie you to the mast. And you will hear the song. You will order them to set you free. Tell them on no account to set you free. And that way you can hear the song of the sirens and live to tell the tale. And then after that, you will pass two terrible monsters, Silla and Carriptus. And these guard the passage between two cliffs. And you have to sail between them. And in one of these cliffs, and this is a cliff which reaches all the way up to White Heaven and is ringed by a cloud of dark blue. There is a cave. And inside this cave lurks the monster. Silla makes a noise like a little newborn puppy. So it's very, very sweet. However, Silla has six necks enormously long. And on top of each of the necks is a head harrowing sight, each with three rows of teeth. So not good news. A bit like the alien in the scrawny weaver film. And from the other cliffs sprouts a huge wild fig tree. And beneath that in the water depths of the water looks Carriptus. This is the second monster. And every day Carriptus sucks the water down. And then thrice each day she vomits it up, thrice she gulps it back down. And this creates a monstrous whirlpool. And any ship that gets caught in the whirlpool is doomed. It will be dragged round and round down and down into the jaws of Carriptus. And everyone on that ship will be eaten. And so Cersei's advice is steer clear of the whirlpool, stick close to Silla's rock. But as Cersei says, it is better by far to mourn six of the men from your ship than to mourn all of them together. And as for the cat of the sun, which Teraceus has been maturing on. Cersei says, look, just don't land there. It's too dangerous. She's obviously sussed out the enthusiasm of Odysseus men for barbecues and says just, you know, they let them have the temptation. So Odysseus has got this advice from Cersei. He follows it to the letter. He does indeed become the only man to have heard the sirens sing and live to tell the tale. He does lose six men to the six sneaking necks of Silla that kind of descend from her cave and grabs them and kind of pulls them up into her cave and devours them. But they manage to avoid the whirlpool of Carriptus. And that's the main thing. And they sail on and they see the island of the sun. And Odysseus says, okay, we're not stopping here. No way. Because this is the bit, remember, Teraceus, you're better to avoid it. Do not touch them. Of course, we all, as soon as Teraceus said that, surely we all knew what was going to happen. Yeah. Odysseus men, when he says, look, we're not stopping here, they all complain. They say, oh, God, we're shattered. You know, we really need a break. It looks really nice. Please come on. So very reluctantly, Odysseus says, okay, but guys, whatever you do, don't touch the cattle. Just don't go there. We will stop there for a single afternoon and then we will continue on our way. So they land. And then, unfortunately, the moment they land, there is a massive, great storm. And it blows for a month. And it is clearly of divine origin. It is preventing them from leaving the island. And so they're stuck there. And they're really, really hungry. Their supplies are running out. And Odysseus can see his men starting to eye up the cattle and thinking how nice, you know, chunks of this cattle would be, if it were on a spit, you know, in a lovely cabab. And so in desperation, he thinks, well, listen, clearly, there is a god here who's angry. I need to get up onto the top of the mountain at the center of this island and raise a prayer there. So that's what he does. And he leaves this man behind and he heads off to the summit of the mountain in the middle of the island to raise prayers to the gods. And presumably, before he goes, he does remind them, guys, don't eat the cattle. Don't eat the cattle. Did I mention? He reaches the mountain top as before with the winds of Iolus in the bag. So now, faithfully, he falls asleep. So there's something of the laugh I ate about Odysseus falling asleep at crucial moments. And as he sleeps, his men obviously do what they've been told not to do. They kill and roast the sacred cattle and the smell of cababs drifts into the nostrils of Odysseus. He wakes up. He looks down. He sees the spokes rising and he goes, oh, no. And he runs down. And for six days, his men make a feast. The wind, they can't leave because of the winds. But it is very obvious that nothing good is going to come of this barbecue because the skins of the slain cattle keep moving around. And the meat on the cabab sticks keeps lowing. That's like a vegans fantasy, isn't it? Like? Yeah. And it's not surprising because it is, I think, hard to overemphasize the scale of the insult that has been done to the sun, God, because these are clearly solar cattle. And notions of solar cattle seem to have been very widespread in the myths of the ancient Indo-Europeans. So the Greeks are Indo-Europeans. You get it in Hindu mythology and Irish mythology from India to Ireland. In other words, and they're theft in all these stories, no matter where they're told, it always represents the kind of massive insult to the cosmic order. And so it is in the Odyssey. Helios the Sun God complains to Zeus. Zeus stills the storms. So there's a very sinister calm. And this allows Odysseus and his men to set sail. And then all at once, once the ship is out at sea, Zeus thundered and hurled his lightning at the ship. And the master of the ship snaps. And as it falls, it brains the helmsman and knocks him into the sea. So they now have no one to steer them. The ship spins round and round. The decking blazes with smoke like sulphur. And all of Odysseus' men are tossed into the kind of the great boiling royal of the sea. Looking just like Cormorants, they bobbed about on the waves all around the black hull ship. The god smatched their homecoming from them. But only one man survives the shipwreck. And this is Odysseus himself. Somehow he manages to fashion a raft out of all the wreckage, all the flotsam and jetsam. But even now, even though he's got his raft, he's still not safe. Because the wind changes and blows him back the way he had come towards Silla and Corriptus. And of course, he can't steer so the whirlpool is swirling downwards. Corriptus is sucking the water down deep into her jaws. And Odysseus' raft gets caught up in the kind of the spinning and the whirling of the waters. As it's going down, Odysseus leaps up from the raft and he clings onto that giant fig tree. Remember which Homer had told us was leaning over the whirlpool. And he manages to hold onto it until the raft is spacked back up by Corriptus and he drops down from the branch that he's been holding onto down beside the timbers and sitting on top of them. He later describes it, "I used my hands to paddle away. And for nine days and nine nights he drifts and he is the only man left alive out of what had originally been a fleet of twelve ships." And the loss of those men in Homer's poem is very deeply felt because the Odyssey throughout the account of its heroes' voyages. And obviously the focus is very much on the hero. Nevertheless, it is unusual for the emphasis that it places on the minor characters. You kind of come to know them. But we haven't really been talking about them much because we haven't had the time. But when you're reading the poem, you feel for them. You mark their fates even if they are idiots with their enthusiasm for barbecues. They're very good themselves to blame, to be honest. And again, skill in Corriptus, all of this stuff, you can see how this reflects the anxieties of an Asian exploration and sea travel, the whirlpool, the cliffs, all of that. Yeah. So Cilla and Corriptus was identified with the Straits of Messina between Sicily and Italy where you have will. pools and riptides and it was generally dreaded by ancient sailors and through nature the the island of the cattle means three headlands the Sicily has three headlands so again it was identified with with Sicily and Sicily was the kind of main focus for Greek colonization this period so it's perhaps not surprising that it generated all these kind of all these myths but now with the loss of his men and his ship Odysseus I think is drifting back from the the kind of the shipping lanes that Greek sailors might recognize back into a dimension beyond the mortal back through the kind of the Homeric equivalent of a wormhole and it's telling I think that Homer does not describe in detail what happens next all he really reports is that after nine days of drifting on the open seas and this is Odysseus narrating at this point on the 9th of the 10th I was brought by the gods to the island of a gigia home of Calypso she of the beautiful braids dread goddess who speaks like a mortal she welcomed and cared for me so it's slightly Cersei like but the difference here is that whereas he stayed with Cersei voluntarily Calypso will not let let him leave that's right isn't it he's staying here almost against his will day after day month after month year after year he is you know weeping he's thinking about Penelope he's thinking about his son Telemica's about Ithaca his home and the you know the greatest punishment of all every night he has to go to bed with the Calypso what a terrible ordeal this must have been yes to quote Homer compelled by the goddess to do so he unwilling she all too willing so basically Dominic he's become a beautiful goddess's sex slave to a terrible fate oh no what a terrible fate that is so wow will he ever escaped on and if so how will he do it and what will happen when he gets back to Ithaca if only there was somewhere I could find out the answers to all these questions because I know you have amazing stories yet to tell us I do and brilliantly Dominic there is a way you can find out you can listen to the second episode of this literally epic I mean literally epic yeah and if you would like to get early access and you're not already a member of the rest of the history club then you can join our own in trepid band of barbecuing mariners at the rest of history dot com and the amazing news Tom on top of that is that we're actually running a summer sale at the moment so for a limited time only you can get 20% off annual membership if you use the code summer 26 and that code is valid until the 31st of august so do it's what Odysseus would have wanted so you what Homer great fan of storytelling would have wanted go online use this code get your discounted membership and listen to that next episode right away and of course also Dominic they'll be able to listen to the bonus episode with Daniel Mendelman great translate to the Odyssey great translate to the Odyssey so it's just insane value all around isn't it I think too many benefits actually now this is too good we're giving stuff away and it's madness right on that bombshell we'll see you next time to find out what happens to our hero Odysseus bye bye everybody Dominic again now here is the clip that we promised you from our show the book club which talks about Ernest Hemingway's book for whom the bell tells and specifically the history of the Spanish Civil War so Spain has not been involved in the first world war at all it's been a backwater basically it's been really politically turbulent there is a king it's normally a parliamentary system most of Spain is untouched by the modern world so it feels like there's these huge estates called the sort of latter fundier which should go back to the Roman periods I found this extraordinary I had no idea until I saw reading up for the subject with this is true of Spain and Portugal actually they would have absolutely gigantic rural estates run by landowners almost kind of feudal system the peasants are enthralled to the landowner and to the church and whatnot there are parts of Spain that have industrialized the bass country the north and Catalonia and those but those are obviously places with separatist movements so Spain feels very fractured and there's lots of labor unrest there's a big anarchist movement there's a socialist movement there's a communist party in the 20s there was a coup and a general took power called general Miguel premodal Rivera you know under the king but that didn't really work out they brought back democracy at the beginning of the 1930s but it's incredibly polarised and unstable between right and left there are terrible strikes so for example in the north in 1935 there are assassinations there are kind of paramilitary movements and whatnot the son of the previous dictator premodal Rivera sets up a little fascist party called the phalanche which actually sort of gives its name really to then co-opted by the right by the conservatives who win the Spanish Civil War I mean whether they're really fascists or whether they're just basically using the fascist label as an interesting question right so it all comes to head in 1936 there's an election the beginning of the year which means that a popular front which is a kind of left-wing alliance of liberals, socialists you know sort of left-wing parties some of the separatists do more nationalist groups from the various like the bass country of Catalonia they come to power and there's a lot of social unrests because they want to push through radical changes and the right don't like that and in July 1936 the army launches right-wing elements within the army launch a coup the reason the Spanish Civil War happens is the coup doesn't fully work so basically the trade unions the big cities in Madrid, Barcelona and so on stay loyal to the elected government so Spain is divided between the rebels the coup people in the army and their allies who are often like big land owners the Catholic church and so on who want to defend the status quo they've got half the country, often kind of rural areas more conservative and so on but the big cities and Catalonia and so on, so Madrid, Barcelona places like that they stay loyal to the elected government so on the one hand you have what are called the nationalists and these are the forces of the right the army the coup lotters and so on effectively from day one they have very very strong international backing from Mussolini in Italy and then Hitler in Germany and then on the left you have the elected government who are the Republicans and they get help eventually from the Soviet Union which is something of a poison chalice and they do appeal to Britain and France for help but they don't really get it and they have help from foreign volunteers and this war becomes incredibly bitter and incredibly bloody I mean this is always the way with civil wars because people feel it's an existential struggle the future of their countries at stake they come to believe you know they're neighbors the people in the next town the landowners or the priests or the anarchists or whoever are going to kill them in their families so we've got to kill them first people in some places there are horrendous horrendous sadistic massacres and things I think they found something like at the end of maybe start of the 21st century or something that Spain had the highest number of mass graves off to Cambodia so if you want to hear the full episode just go to apple loss botify or youtube and search for the book club and there it is