T2 | Ep.11: Da nebulosa ao musgo

[Music] I have a great idea to describe the whole world of material. Everything we know today about the phenomena of celestial space and the life in the earth. The nebulosis, the geography of the muscles, everything in a work, and in a work that is the same time, and stimulates the living language incantiamente. [Music] You are coming from the 20th century, the podcast of science and books, I am Sofia Nestrovsky, I am Leda Cartoon. This is a podcast from the Megafalna Library, books in the center. Tell me about the Serra Bileira Institute, the Institute for Science and Science, the scientific divulgation in Brazil, about the life of investments and of all the promises that come contributing to our financial campaign collective in katarsie.me/20millegos. It is thanks to the support of all of you that today we end this second season. This journey that started in the 18th century, in the Prussia, within the caverns, which was called by Alexander von Humboldt. In the last episode, you accompanied Humboldt, a good plan, the Carlos de Montu, and his assistants, in the escalada of the volcano Timborazo. And accompanied by the rise of the tree that led them to almost the cum, to almost the most distant peak of the center of the earth. Almost, the escalada was incomplete, our characters never arrived until the end. But maybe this has made a bigger sense. The sense of "manteu topo", as something unaccountable. Something never concluded. And precisely because of this reason, it is possible to make a "fascine durador" that does not stick to the concretization of the wish. In the tests of Humboldt, the mountains are everywhere. It sustains an idealization of how it would be to act this apricot, to be able to see the height, the land spreading in all directions. And who knows, with this wide vision, can understand some secret of how nature organizes itself. At 65 years of age, a long time after the end of the American trip, Humboldt decided to make a book that simply describes everything that exists in the face of the earth. And as if it were not enough, also all the phenomena of the celestial space and these are words of him. I as if he wanted to describe the vision that would be of the height of a absolute mountain, a mountain much greater than the previous time. A mountain that shows everything at the same time, a mountain, in short, of imagination. What Humboldt wanted even was to represent nature as a great plot, moved by internal forces. It was to show through each of the elements that there is a unique and insoluble chain that connects all nature. He spent 25 years working in this book, corresponding to people around the world to inquire about the most diverse facts of nature, but also recovering all the memories and annotations of his trips. But it is inevitable that in this task of trying to talk about everything, a lot of things remain out of it. Humboldt was not able to finish this immense book called Cosmos, which would treat the universe and life in the earth, the nebulos to the muskets. He did not finish his greatest book, as if he did not finish his greatest scale at the top of the velcão de emburraso. They are experiences that were opened up. In short, for that reason, they could ideally keep all the potential latent within them. In the case of a book in short, who concludes is the reader. It is the reader that imagines together with the one he read. And in this last episode about Humboldt, after a season that I read for many things, for the mines of Friber, for the authors of the German romanticism, for the cryptogamic plants and the salons of the red hearts, for the triangles and for others, polygons, amorous, for Mary Shelley, for the pavons and for the pavones of the large bairons, for a volcano in Indonesia, for a cross of the Atlantic when there was, and for a cross of rivers to Canoa, for a trip to Italy, and for so many different Russian Latin Americans, to the Castaners of the Amazon and to the books they spoke to them, to the relations of power and injustice. After all this, we are getting more and more stories here. Just the beginning, just the beginning of many stories that will remain open. Stories that we will not conclude here. We could, in my next episode, tell more about Humboldt's trip to America. You have not heard about the impressions that he had of Cuba, for example. A country about which he wrote a political essay. Not about Mexico, where he and the good plan passed an entire year, investigating ancient ruins and indigenous peoples and frequent local libraries. Or we could also tell about Humboldt's life, after he returned from the trip, but that remains open. It remains open to the history of how he returned to Europe after five years traveling to America. Not centuries ago, he passed through the United States, where he was received by President Thomas Jefferson, in the White House, and with whom he brought the story of natural history, but also the possibilities of expansion of the frontier of the United States within the territory of the new Spain. It remains open to the history of how he settled in Paris, which was the center of the scientific thought of the time, and then in Berlin, where he gave public palestras about sciences for auditory, audits, the palestras made a success, and were frequented by all kinds of people. It remains speaking here the information that was in the city of Mexico, that Humboldt presented for the first time palestras like these. It also remains open to the history of how Humboldt was poor in the end of life, and very famous at the same time. From how he left his fortune with travel and research, and from how he ended up becoming an ambulance cyclopad, to the point that he had to publish a note on the newspaper, asking that people somehow, a little in the maps that sent him to him, with all kinds of questions, were almost four thousand maps per year, with a doubt about mining, about mountainism, or about the beach traveling to America, or if the mosquitoes have an soul. At this end, he needed to answer the question. So he said that even in heaven they will bother me. It remains open to the moment that Humboldt realized that he was no longer a man, but a Balkan of information. And also the moment that Humboldt became the king of Prussia, or that the good plan became confident of the woman of Napoleon, and that later, the good plan came back to America, and lived in Buenos Aires, passed by Paraná, and settled in Paraguay to study the river Math. It is open to the story that the good plan passed almost ten years ago by the dictator Paraguay, but it was only thanks to the interventions of Humboldt. And then he continued, without ever coming back to Europe, and ended up living in a peace of mind in Argentina, where the neighbors called, where he fell in love with him. Humboldt has never returned to America, and that is also open to him. He took another trip, already 60 years back, to the rural mountains in Russia, in the middle of Europe and Asia, and he went to Siberia, and the road to his carriage, and many times he was in prison, in postures of lamp and ice, although I already know almost every summer. And it is open to the story that in the end of his life, Humboldt passed on to live with the old kids of him, in a small courtyard of the Red Cross, and that he kept his aposent sacrifices, as if he wanted to install a tropical climate in the middle of Berlin, and that he had all kinds of map, of empanadas, and a huge library, and even a living room, and that even with more than 80 years, he was not going to spend more than ten minutes standing, because he always had something new for him to get out of bed, for him to show to people, always, always something new, bringing his interest. Also, Humboldt's death was open, and as he left his biggest work and ended up in the open, the book that would say of everything. In the 87 years, Humboldt said that he had already lived so much, that he had lost the notion of time, and he would still live two years, until 1989 almost 90. He remained active, even in the last months of his life, and commented that although he still had a lot of courage to continue to work, he felt that the effort was of his thought of diminishing gradually, and that the mass of his brain was softening. And even so, he continued. He accompanied the new scientific theories, "Fossas de Faraday, de laio, o de Chales d'Arvin", which he got to know a lot of London. He worked in these theories and thoughts, as before, he had worked in the forest. He came to the winter of 1858 and Humboldt continued to work, and he came to the spring of 1859, and on the 6th of May, the two and a half in the afternoon, four months from completely 90 years old, Alexander von Humboldt died, and that was also open too. The principle and people in common was an official workshop, with the headquarters of workers, officials of the state, diplomats, members of the academy of sciences, and also of the academy of arts, and more than 600 students, following the entrance to the Funebri car, which was pushed by six horses. Millions of citizens were joining, through which the gate followed by the streets. The houses in Berlin covered the t-shirts of the black fabric, and the fall of Humboldt was covered by the Allies and the crowns of Loro. Tokolse, the Funebri of Chopin, on the way to the cathedral, where the buildings of the signs were waiting for them. Alexander von Humboldt was buried next to his brother and his priesthood, in the castle of Tegel, where he had left for so long. The unique possibility is to leave this character in the open. Leave this life in the open. This man's life that one day existed, and that came close to pissing this land, where I and you, if you were listening to us in Brazil, where we piss today. This story is like it is. And in the end, it is incomplete, because Humboldt is trying to say everything, as he himself needs to do, and this is a task that only makes sense if it is not finished. In the open, Humboldt continues here with us. And he follows with you too, after the end of this podcast. So, well, Humboldt, yet again, instead of pissing, we will conclude opening another door. One that brings Humboldt to the days of today. Going around, as we have done some times this season, we talk about Humboldt without talking exactly about Humboldt. Without pissing the doors that we were opening in these episodes, we open one more of these that take us to before. This last door is a door open to a horizonte that is here with us since we started talking about Humboldt. But we still had not shown this horizonte with all the clarity. Since you heard about the liquids inside the mines and about symbiosis, in the beginning of this story. And then, when I heard about Frankenstein, about this creature made from other creatures in the episode 5. Or when several episodes you accompanied Humboldt's eyes to the parts of the world, just to find the totality that is behind everything he sees. This time we were all with a name in the background of our heads. The name of a microbiologist born in 1938 in Chicago, and died in 2011, in Margolis. A woman who wants to look at microscopic things, those who cannot be seen at the eyes of us, those beings even smaller than the one that Humboldt called, in the vocabulary of the Science of the 19th century, of animals. In Margolis, she looked at minuscules, for the bacteria, and not simply the bacteria, but above all for the bacteria that existed in a very remote past. To study the origin of everything that has life. But, in the way of Humboldt, she also looked at everything. She looked at the bigger planet and wanted to understand the organization of life on the planet. She wanted to understand how each being is interdependent and how even the atmosphere of the Earth has participation in this. Humboldt lived in a moment where the studies were starting to separate. The biology, the geology, the geography, the history, the social sciences, the anthropology. And he also translated it because of literature and visual arts. He lived the beginning of these separations. But he took it like this, the work of talking about each of these subjects. After him, the mere accumulation of facts about the observable world increased in such a way that it seems impossible to tell so many subjects how he gave it. If it were a Humboldt today, it would be as if he wanted to explain the Internet everything that it contains. Impossible. But thoughts like from Lynn Margulis come recovering from the front row. And the theories of her, you will already hear about them. The theories of her come inspiring not only biologists, but also artists, philosophers and anthropologists. All those people who are humans, in this rigid division that ignores that we are simply, curious people by the subjects that treat what is life, in all its manifestations. [Music] So we open this new door. Now you are in the 20th century, in the United States. And from here you can look at this woman who connects a humboldtian science, a multiple science, even you today, here now in the 21st century. And we can open this new path, doing something that didn't happen to do with the Humboldt. Now, in the case of Lynn Margulis, to present this character bringing her voice to you. This was an interview that asked her why she was this scientist. And she responded that she never believed in what she said to her. That is the essential of science, that she just managed to believe in what she saw with her own eyes. I never believe what they told me. I think that's the crucial thing about science. I believe what I saw myself. If you look for photos of Lynn Margulis, you will see that this energy that she has in your voice, disappears in the face. She is almost always smiling and always looking very alive. You will find photos of her sitting in front of the microscope and looking very well at the camera. Or taking pictures of her, or entering a lake with the shutters in her hands, giving her a hand to another person to try to balance and take the samples of the human beings of the microscopic beings she studied. In everything that we see from her, the impression that she was a very passionate person for what she did. The Humboldt dreamed of being trapped into the life of an intelligent person that she had in her mind and sought the freedom of the mountains. Lynn Margulis also said that she was also very attracted to a universe that was affected by the predictable daily life of a comfortable life. She was passionate about the universe of the microbes, as she even wrote to me, before the microbiome in the sea, I felt privileged. I felt the pleasure of being able to escape, escape the anxiety of the urban and the imperative of the humans. I was taken by the freedom of contemplating the most remote origins of life. Her childhood, by the same story, was like the Humboldt of a lot of fabric. She was almost a moon in the school because she was not able to be patient, quiet, and because she was not able to receive orders. She went to school in school, which was finally filled with everything, and with 14 years went straight to the faculty, to a interdisciplinary course in the University of Chicago. She had discovered that nothing could be free so much of the fabric as the study was deepened from a remote source. As the Humboldt wrote, study, and, above all, study a little bit of the study, is how to travel to a distant country. In Margo, they did a genetic study, and at the age of 22, and already a mother of two children, she went to the doctorate, and together with many doctors, she ended up recovering and developing ideas that expanded a vision like the Humboldt. A vision that nature works in the network. But before we move on here, before we talk more about what was the contribution of the Margo-Lis to biology, and before we make an approximation, everything we talked about in the Humboldt, and the ideas of the Margo-Lis. Before we get lost in a little bit of concepts and names of similar ideas, but not identical, let's give a small pause. It's a pause to talk about Darwin. And you will already realize that this is a necessary pause for us to explain a little better the reason of making this approximation, between a process that was born in the end of the 18th century, and the American North of the 20th century. It's almost 170 years that separate the birth of the Humboldt from the Margo-Lis. And a lot of water has happened. A lot of things happened in this middle of the time. And the main thing, at least in the lives of life, was probably the formulation of the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin, which was the theme of the first season of the 20th century. But to make this approximation here, we will recover a little bit from what we talked about, to make a point, via Darwin, to evaluate the differences between one thought and another. And that's why we just follow the semelances. The theory of natural selection was part of the trip that Darwin made by the World in the Bigel. A trip that Darwin just wanted to make because he obsessively read the relates to the trip of the Humboldt. In Margo, he formed as a scientist, also a lot of Darwin. His thought was marked by Darwin. But he was also discovering less-known authors, from books of Russian scientists, who were obscure in the United States, and who made up with that question if something from Darwin's notion of the origin of the species. Not that Darwin's central idea, the idea that all the species emerged from a common ancestor and that they were suffering modifications until they arrived, where they are now, is not that this idea was wrong. The questions that emerged in Margo, do not go much there. The questions of it had to do with the time and with the size of things. The time, because the temporal scope of Darwin is shorter than more, to satisfy the immense record of which in Margo looked at. And the size, because the living beings that Darwin had as an example, were big enough to satisfy the curiosity of the Margo by the minuscule lives. The Darwin treated, in the origin of the species, animals and plants. His book is full of examples of mushrooms, caches, urs, wheat, plant-based plants. The series that exists is just hundreds of millions of years ago. It is just that. At the very least, 600 millions of years at all. If we look at the point of view of the planet, it is not much. It is a 4 billion years and a half from the formation of the Earth. Or, to say in a way that may be more clear, if you, as me, had the difficulty to remember how much a billion is really. The planet has 4,000,000,000, more than 500,000,000 years. And the first live series, the cell phone series, the minuscule series, by which Lingmargo was interested in. These appeared around 3.5 billion years ago. Or, 3,000,000,000 and 500,000,000 years. Now, around 600,000,000 years of animals. And you realize how small this is. And the story of time ago, if you want to think even about the origin of the species. It was for this time, that Lingmargo looked at it. And it was there that things began to become more complex. The world of the individuals that Darwin described, was preparing to make sense. In the middle are the microscopic creatures that exist the true diversity of life. In the middle of them, that we see, the world is large. [music] To think about new possibilities of how to relate, the romantics of the end of the 18th century looked at cryptogamic plants. The rumble looked at the lichens. Lingmargo lived in the 1960s, looked at the bacteria for the unicellular beings. The rumble in the algae of the illumination and Lingmargo lived in the birth of the movements of the culture of the 60s. Each one, in their own way, was concentrated in a way that kept many mysteries. In 1967, Lingmargo wrote an article in which she was trying to summarize the origin not of the species, but of our complex cells. What, in the last instance, will explain something important about the origin of the species. The art of it made it equal to a proposal, in a mixture of audacity but also of good humor, the title of the book of Darwin. This article was called the origin of the mythotic cell. It was rejected by 15 scientific and different revistas, until when it was finally published, in a theory of biology in the United States, there was a request for an article of repression. Lingmargo talked about the profound history of the mythotic cell, or we could say of all the cells of the animals, of plants and the fungi, those cells that contain nuclear, and other complex structures, those wonderful names, such as the simpatic mitochondria, the complex of Golge, which we design from the data books, always seemed to me a little with those branches that you would find in a room waiting for pediatrics, or the reticule in the plasmatic Elizabeth, and the reticule in the plasmatic Elizabeth, and that sentence of words that are rare in Portuguese, the vacuole, the centriole, and the microtubule. What Lingmargo claimed was that these complex cells, these cells that are in their body, or in my body, had an origin in a very ancient relationship of symbiosis. Listen to this scene and try to imagine it really happening. It had to happen some day at the moment, very remote from the past. So remote that the Earth, view outside, doesn't even want blue. Because there is no such large big amount of oxygen in the atmosphere as it is today. If we go back to more than two billions of years in the past, it is likely that we find a Earth without oxygen, and that pushes more forward. And in some corner, of this red Earth, in some corner, impossible to locate today, there was an impossible to look at the moon. I don't want anyone with eyes to that planet's height. But there was a composition of only one cell, which came close to the other cell, similar to him. Similar, but not the same. It was two different cellularies, which entered in contact. And one of them went further. He entered within the other. This is a primordial story of beings in relation. It was this story of our ancestors, of our older parents. A cellulant was installed in another cellulant. And from that moment, the cellulant was changed to always. [Music] It was like this, resumably, that the cellulants passed through the mitochondria. This organelle was responsible for a cellulant respiration. And when the cellulant contained this hospede, this hospede that would come to be a mitochondria, when this cellulant multiplied, the line that was being generated from it, also carrying this change. Now, this should not be confused with the sexual reproduction. Here, a whole being continues living there. It is more similar to the role of the film "Alien" than with any other thing. Or more similar to an infection with a disease. It is something that lies in your body and that comes from you. I think that the past of the mitochondria was a being at the same time that entrusted this relationship that we can describe as symbiotic. Because, suddenly, the serking globus like "Proto mitochondria" could no longer live without it. And we can also say that it also benefited from this protection within a being which was very small, but which was a little bigger than it. Why all this happened is difficult to say. Maybe the hospede was trying to eat the other being. But he had a monumental gesture monumental to be a minuscule. And that material in the gesture remained there. And it became a part of it. Or, unlike that, the serking peoneteer hospede was trying to escape from a different situation in this world which was already the same before we existed. And in that attempt to escape, he found a way to hide inside the body of another being. There are many scenarios that we can paint. But to understand how this works, the writer David Kwamin illustrated by the following analogy. Imagine an animal with any, for example, a star. And that star was transplanted into a bigger animal, so to speak, a cow. And once installed there, imagine that this star works perfectly as a hen. And when this cow was a child, the descendants of it would have this river inside them and thus, for the first time. Until the entity that we call a cow, could not exist without its inner space. She went to make a part of the Constitution of the cow as we know it. We already talked about the entity called a cow. In the episode 4 of this season. But there, what we talked about in every cow that exists today only lives because there is, inside it, a complex community of microorganisms. Of living beings who dig into it, the path that she eats. Now, the difference is that we grew up in time, in this story. And that is why we needed to summon Darwin. Because after Darwin, it was impossible to think in life, without thinking in time. Without the long time of the transformations by which all the beings passed and continue to pass. What is in the early days, was to bring the history of evolution from the key to the symbiosis. The history of life in the land is the history of the relations between the living beings of the land. When Darwin understood that species transform and differentiate, he designed a tree of life. The new species would be distanced from their ancestors in common, ramaging themselves and making themselves indefinitely. That is why, according to Darwin, you and I, are so different from the Tarugas, although we have a very distant parent in common. A previous parent, the ramification that separated what is a myth from what is in this case, a reptile. What is the endosimbiosis, which, as was known this theory from the Marguels, from the origin of our cells, what this theory shows is that this design is incomplete. The Darwin had no microscope, powerful, enough to be able to see more deep. But looking at this very small scale, to understand that the tree and the life in truth is a plot of life, which is full of us. There was only a tree that ramifications that ramifications are in more scales. In fact, many roots and scales are torn and crushed, and they end up becoming something but then they fall into something new, and that, so by their sometimes, finds in another form of life and finds this torch and so on. During all this time in which there is life in the planet, the cells are not only distanced from each other, but also converged, they also found they contaminated they ate, they digested, they infected and they lived. And that continues to happen. [Music] The most remote origin of good parts of life that we know today is given by symbiosis, by encounter. And thinking like this we also understand genetic transmission. It does not happen only for children, as we used to think. The sexual reproduction is different from these origins by symbiosis, because the children born in the function of sex are basically unpredictable. They are similar to father and mother. Now the beings formed by symbiosis they come to the world having maybe a father, a mother and a bacteria or father, mother and viruses. And they are much more miserable. Much more unpredictable than if the relationship was just sex. Look, they are not we are we are we are miserable. [Music] These discoveries of "Lin Margul" and about symbiosis in the evolution make that we have to review the theory of evolution as a large blood struggle, a constant competition between the survivors as Darvin had proposed. Darvin did not search the world for the same laws that the Rumble where the Rumble saw a harmony, where he saw the territory of freedom, the extreme sublime of the creation, and these are all the terms he used to describe nature, Darvin saw the death, the destruction, the extermination, the fight, the selection. And these are also all terms that Darvin used more than once, in his book the origin of the species. Darvin, when he looked for nature, he did not feel peace. He did not see harmony, but yes, a war of all against all. A dispute for survival. For him the apparent harmony only hides and hides evil, the fight of an individual against another individual and of all against the middle. But for Lin Margulis, life began with an alliance between different lives. And according to his theory, the biggest part of the evolutive novelty arises from the symbiosis. Darvin understood that the source of the diversification of the species was in the various aleatories that the individual can have, and in the scrutiny that nature makes at all the moment of each individual around the world all, rejecting what is wrong, preserving and optimizing what is good. Lin Margulis realized that the attraction to the union, the fusion, the incorporation, the co-habitation, or the recombination, which takes the nature to diversify. How did he write it? It was when we left to be independent that we evolved. If all of this is very abstract, it comes out that the DNA contains genetic material of different viruses that affected our species in the past. And that continues to happen, the viruses continue to distribute their genes through the celestial cells. They are also a source of various species, a source of evolution. And if this is still abstract, let's go to a specific case of this modification of the species through the fusion, through the co-habitation. A case in which it is possible to see a symbiosis happening in the time of a life. Today, the case of the green lesmas of the seas. [Music] scientific name, Elisia Chlorotica. [Music] This type of lesma that lives in the east coast of the United States, is moved to light solar. It is a lesma that makes photosynthesis, as if it were a plant. Now, it is not born with this type of capacity at the beginning. But when it is young, it eats a certain type of green alga that it is unable to digest. And the chloroplasts of this alga stay there within the cells of the lesma. At the point that, in the genoma of the lesma, there are already genes of the alga. And at this moment, before, after the lesma eats the alga, the alga changes deeply the lesma. The lesma is green. The entire body of it is green, forever. In this state, it is no longer to worry about eating. Because it became a photosynthetic animal, and it produces its own food. It became a bit alga, too. Instead of looking for food, now this lesma is going to go to the beach to get to the sun. It will never be a pale lesma as if it had its ancestors. The modification of the lesma did not happen because of competition with alga, but because of the encounter, because of the approximation, because of the fusion of lesma and alga. To clean the alga, we are edifice barracus, impermanent construction and reconstruction, from encountering various pieces. We knew to think ourselves as individuals, what does not happen from a source of our part, according to her. In the background, we are all Frankenstein. The thinking of the Imagulis transmits us to the Rumble, not because it reached the world exactly like it. But because, living in the world, after Darvin, she revealed a world in which the Rumble loses its relevance, not even before Darvin. In the wonderful of the organism, in the eternal action and reaction of the living forces, each investigation is more profound, with the entrance of new labyrinth. But it is exactly this diversity of paths that are not yet tripled, sinusoid, that incits a jubilose admiration in all levels of knowledge. Each law that reveals the observer allows conclusions about alga more and more elevated, alga more unknown. If you follow the episodes even here, probably you already learned to recognize this language. These are more than once and the last times the words of the Rumble itself. The thinking of the Imagulis takes us to try so much Darwin that sees a constant transformation of beings in constant evolution as the Rumble that sees a nature made of connections and mutual influences. The thinking of the Imagulis takes us to try so much one, thinking as much as another, in one way or another. With differences, of course. With doubts that maybe none of them understand that our cells that each one of them is a community, a community of living fantasies, of original beings that follow and exist because they follow in relation. And as Rumble she looked very small to look at the big one. We are also parts of a whole. Rumble wrote about how the planet works in a interconnected way. And Rumble wrote about it. It is not just the environment that can live on the Earth. But the Earth can also live on the Earth. We follow this argument for the end of this season. Rumble after the theory of symbiosis also watched the cells and watched for the immense. She wanted to understand the functioning of the planet as a whole. And the functioning of the plot of life. How the living cells relate to the Earth as a whole. Here again her voice to listen to you. This is a conference to NASA in 1984. She is only in a pit dressed in pink, speaking of scientists. And she says she wants to tell to them why is a biologist interested by genetics and by microbiology that are at the end of its formation? Why is it biologist interested in NASA and interested in the Earth as a planet? In this hole that you will hear, in the sea she talks without doubt that she wants to talk about the general idea that in the last 20 years or less, she is a science in our way of thinking. What I want to share with you is why a biologist interested in genetics and microbiology, which is certainly my training, is interested in NASA and is interested in the Earth as a planet. And I want to give you a sense of a massive revolution in our thinking that has come across the dream of the last 20 years. She and Kimiko James had developed together the hypothesis of Gaia. That hypothesis emerged from a research financed by NASA. To know if it would be a simple method of detection of life in other planets. James Lovelock then began to realize that the atmosphere of a planet that contains life, as is the case of the Earth, and even where we know the Earth, is different from the atmosphere of a planet without life. Having this first insight, she got involved in margues to try to understand together with him why it happened. The hypothesis they designed was this. It is not just the atmosphere of the planet that proposes life. But also the life keeps the atmosphere as it is. Because if there is constant media of living beings breathing, breathing, generating and metabolizing the gas combinations that compose this atmosphere. The planet Earth could not embrace life. Without life in the Earth, could not exist life in the Earth. The methane and oxygen, for example, which are abundant in our atmosphere, would be explosives if they were left together without this media. Now, this hypothesis of Gaia sometimes is not seen. Because it is understood that what it proposes is that the Earth is a large living organism, and it is not well the case it is more subtle than this. Life in the Earth is sustained by physiological processes, such as breathing and digestion. But the Earth in itself is not alive. Life is a phenomenon of planetary size. And for this phenomenon continues to exist, the contact between the beings is impressive. There is no possibility of life in the planet without contact. Life that exists is that in these conditions that continue existing life. As a result, Gaia hypothesis is a relation of symbiosis in planetary dimension. It is the symbiosis of space. Alim Marguelus demonstrated in his way the way that Rumbot intuit that we are in the world that is governed by a law. A invisible or almost invisible dynamic. Alim Marguelus put this in the terms of contemporary science. What is in the car is how it is below. And what is inside is how it is outside. There is a parallel between our cells that were originated by beings in relation and the atmosphere of the whole planet. Which is also sustained by the parts that accompany. Along this entire season, this season that is like Rumbot talking about all things and more than all things of the relations between all things. We were bringing a plot of life. In the background of the caverns and in the height of the mountains. And inside of us you also find similarities. Rumbot traveled to many places of his house and felt a strange familiarity. Maybe you have a trip that you have made, has felt something similar to this. Sometimes, when we are stuck in our house, we know better where we came from. Rumbot was there inside the most deep caverns and in the top of the highest mountain. And he realized the nature is the same. And now we see that this plot is even more deep. Because the relations are much more intimate than we could imagine. As a result, in Margulis, we are symbiotics, not symbiotic planets. Or as the German poet Friedrich wrote, "It is not given to anyone to understand except who it is and not at the same time another." Here, as we have said about Rumbot in this episode, leaving his story in open, so that he could continue to be remembered, so that he could continue to be interpreted and even imagined, imagined in his idiosyncrasies, in his motivations, in his details. What led Rumbot to finally access this powerful figure and so elusive? And why? The same has been so famous in his time. He was forgotten with the past of the centuries. And because he remembered now. And what is he remembered? What memories were most marked for him from his travels? What were the moments in which he felt nostalgic? And in which would he feel regretful? We leave this for you to imagine. And as we are now on the streets. But one whose stories remained open to imagine. And we I and I too. We are now on the streets and we are now on the streets and we are on the streets and we are on the streets. And we are on the streets. And we are now on the streets. And we are now on the streets.