Pioneers of AI: John Deere's AI vision for future farms

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We're going to have the incredible Cara Swisher at Danny Meyer, Angelie Seud from Toobie, Cloudflowers Matthew Prince, Adam Grant, Arvario and Reid Hoffman, and some folks you might be less familiar with, but who, well, they're going to blow your minds. Since October 20 to 22nd in San Francisco, our theme, our agency now could not be more timely. Applications are open, but spots are limited. Apply at Mastersofscale.com/apply25. That's Mastersofscale.com/apply25. If you look at the corn crop in the United States, there's four trillion corn seeds that are planted in the United States every year, give or take. And our mission is to be able to provide in a mechanized form the Master Gardener experience for every one of those seeds. We want every one of them to be treated exactly where it needs to be treated, how it needs to be treated, and when it needs to be treated to live its best life. Are there going to be like teams of humanoid robots on the field and they'll have straw hats and be wearing overalls or something? I like the idea of humanoids in agriculture for a whole host of reasons. There are some jobs that no humans want to do. How do you see the role of AI in feeding the planet, even beyond what it can do for farming? I think AI gives you the opportunity to sort of interrogate where are the inefficiencies in this system and how can we be more effective moving forward. That's Jamie Heinman, CTO of John Deere. The almost 200 year old agriculture super company is fascinating as a technology enterprise. They're developing AI-powered tools that help farmers be more efficient and more productive, and the stakes are high for humanity and the planet. I first met Jamie several years ago at CES, the legendary consumer tech show. And I have to admit, I had never thought about the technology underpinning farm equipment before then, but I've wanted to talk to him ever since. Our conversation covers why John Deere owns a tech stack for farming, the company's vision for the future of agriculture, and the most important question of all. What does a fully autonomous mango farm look like? It's fascinating stuff, so let's get to it. I'm Rana Elcal UB, and this is Pioneers of AI, a podcast taking you behind the scenes of the AI revolution. Hi Jamie, welcome to Pioneers of AI. I'm so excited to have you on the show. Rana, it's great to see you. Thank you for having me on the show. All right, so you're the CTO, Chief Technology Officer of John Deere. Right. And it's safe to say that if most non-farming people were to name one brand and farming, it would be John Deere. But I also think most people don't associate John Deere with being a technology company. I do want to start with your background. You grew up around farming. Your grandfather was a farmer in Iowa, and I guess you still have family members who are in the farming business? Yeah, and a story that's pretty common in the upper Midwest. A lot of people can trace their roots to agriculture in some way, shape or form. And so my grandfather would have farmed a little farm in Southwest Iowa, and then a story that repeats itself over and over again. It was not large enough to support the whole family. And so my dad became a college professor. He taught aerospace engineering for his career. And farms just that farm got consolidated into other farms. How has that upbringing shaped what you do today and also kind of your perspective on the whole business? Yeah, well, I've been around agriculture for a long time. My whole life, maybe not directly involved in it at some periods of my life, but always around it. And I'm a technologist at heart. Like I grew up with an engineering professor as a father. So I was around technology my whole life. And I think those two things go together. Agriculture is an application that begs for efficiency improvements. If you were to rewind the clock 50 years ago, roughly 30 to 40 percent of the U.S. population would have been involved in agriculture directly. And today that number is like 1.5 percent. And if you think about that, it's enabled people like you and I to do the things that we do. We no longer have to worry about how to get our food. We go to the grocery store and it's there for us. But that's done on the parts of 1.5 percent of the whole population, right? And so agriculture has been a story of efficiency and technology is sort of the underpinning or the foundation for how that efficiency has happened. Yeah, amazing. So you started your career at John Deere in 1996. That's like 30 years ago. It makes me sound terribly old, but yes. As a test engineer, you've seen the evolution of the company. I would love for you to walk us through the company's very first product. And then the range of products you guys have today. We're a hundred and eighty nine year old company, which we're proud of. That means we've had to reinvent ourselves multiple times in the history of the company. We trace our roots back to John Deere, the man himself who lived in Vermont, but moved to the Midwest, moved to the state of Illinois as the country was being built. And he was a blacksmith. And the plows of the day were largely wooden plows and sometimes cast iron plows. And soil was always sticking to these things. And the farmers had to stop and clean the plow off every ten meters or so. And so John Deere's claim to fame is he fashioned the first self scouring steel plow. And we're proud of that product, obviously. But one of our more pivotal moments was in the early 1900s when this thing called the Internal Combustion Engine started to happen. And we no longer had to rely on animal power to do farming. And the tractor was born. And John Deere actually didn't develop the tractor or start the tractor. That was a company we bought, the Waterloo Gas Engine Company. They happened to have an engine that they put in the form of a tractor. We purchased that company. We produced implements that were drawn by animals, not by tractors. And so it was the inventors dilemma, right? Talk about the inventors dilemma. At that point in time, it was this pivotal question. Do you jump into this business of the tractors and recognize that it's going to disrupt your core business? Or do you not? And you can look at the models behind me. It's the ubiquitous product form for the company today. And that really started us on this path, right? This ability to take advantage of the efficiency of mechanization and have people go do other things with their creative potential that obviously I think the world has benefited from. We're in the middle of that, like many industries right now with artificial intelligence. It's obviously got huge potential, I think, in the agricultural industry. And we view it as a responsibility for our company to be able to utilize that technology for the benefit of the customers and to walk hand in hand with our customers and make sure that they agree with us that it's doing the things that are beneficial. So what have you had to learn to stay kind of at the forefront of all of this? Do you have particular mindsets that you apply? Yeah, it's a great question. And I think my experience sort of falls into the category of I'd rather be lucky than good. I'm a mechanical engineer, bachelor's, master's, and PhD. But my graduate work was focused in an area called artificial neural networks of all things 15 years ago, right? That's awesome. And it was not very compelling area of research at the time. It was challenged by lack of compute, not great data sets. In our space on the edge, the inability to access equipment through communication paths and all sorts of things were hurdles and roadblocks that are largely removed today. And so I've been in this place where I understand the mechanical side of our business, which is still really important. But we also need to weave through those pieces of equipment, the modern technology, artificial intelligence, software, that can improve the productivity of that equipment in a way that the mechanical function of that equipment no longer can. Yeah, very cool. So you oversee the entire tech stack for John Deere. And that's the hardware, as you said, the software, all of it. But it would be helpful to unpack what does a tech stack mean again in the agriculture space? Like what does it look like? Sure. It's really a handful of things that are critical and that we build the rest of the technology on. Those things are the ability to locate the piece of equipment on the surface of the planet. We talked about that, the GPS receiver and our own GNSS. Why is that so important? In agriculture, it's important for a couple of reasons. One, plants live their best life when they get the opportunity to equally compete with one another. That makes it interesting for us to create the same row spacing. Precisely putting that seed in the ground at exactly 30-inch rows, time after time after time after time, is a core component of agricultural efficiency. In addition to that, we don't like to overlap things. If you're putting seed in the ground, you don't want to have seed on top of seed. It gives you the ability to know where you're at. If you imagine you're in a 1,000 acre field, this ability to know where your 16 rows of planters are and 1,000 acres is a very challenging thing to do. Before GNSS, you were guessing often about where the tractor had already been or where the piece of equipment had already been. It gives you the ability to keep yourself from duplicating the work in the field or skipping some of the areas of the field and not doing the work at all. Those are some of the ways that it's important. We think about it as this idea of plant-level management. If you look at the corn crop in the United States, there's 4 trillion corn seeds that are planted in the United States every year, give or take. Our mission is to be able to provide in a mechanized form the master gardener experience for every one of those seeds. This just occurred to me. I don't know if the analogy makes sense, but as humans, I'm really into my wearables. I track my sleep, I track my steps, I track my activity. If there was an easy way to track my nutrition and hormone, all of it, right? It just occurred to me that in this kind of mission to help plants live their best lives, do you also have a picture of a plant's health and wellness? What does that look like? I love the analog. We're an organism, the plants are an organism. It fits generally. We don't know as much about the plants as you know about yourself because you're more instrumented than the plants are, but we're on a path to instrument plants in a similar way. One of the interesting technologies that we're exploring at the moment is to give a plant the ability to communicate what it needs, what its stresses are in its life. There's a company called Interplant that we partnered with that is genetically modifying plants to allow them to fluoresce at a certain wavelength based upon what stress they're seeing in their life. If they're seeing, in the case of soybeans, a stress due to a fungus attacking the plant, they fluoresce in one wavelength. If it were nitrogen deficiency, they would fluoresce in a different wavelength. If it was water deficiency, they would fluoresce in a different wavelength. You can conjure up this mental image of the ability to listen to the plant and understand exactly what it needs and then treat it. Absolutely. I think the analog holds true. That is so cool. I spent my entire career building emotion recognition and emotion sensing technology for humans, but that would be the equivalent of nonverbal communication for plants. That's so cool. I love that. Coming up, a walkthrough of how John Deere brings together sensors, data, and AI in one of its high performance machines and what the company does with all that data to help farmers get better results. Hey listeners, Bob here. If you listen to rapid response on massages scale, you may be missing half the show. Because every Friday, we release a second rapid response exclusively in the rapid response feed. The guests and topics are just as compelling and timely from Ford CEO to NASA's administrator to the lessons from the Devilwares Prada. It takes about 10 seconds to find just search rapid response wherever you listen to podcasts and hit follow to make sure you never miss an episode. I hope to see you there. Humans will never be more intelligent than AI. There's going to be two types of companies. Those are great at AI and those that went out of business because they weren't. How do we build a future that is human-centered? I'm Rhonda Elkhaubi and on my podcast Pioneers of AI, we answered that question and so many more. As an AI scientist, entrepreneur and investor, I know what it takes to build AI that works for everyone. Every week I sit down with the pioneers shaping our future and we take you behind the scenes of the AI that's transforming our lives. Find pioneers of AI wherever you tune in. For 14 months, I robbed 30 banks, sometimes several in one day. I lost all sense that my life was going to be long at all. I just wanted to grab the loot and get the hell out of the dog just fast and possible and go spend it and have fun. That was my ethos. And so I did. I'm not made for society. They have all these morality but they're too timid for me. Now I'm a criminal. I'm a bad guy. Check out episodes 1264 and 1265 of the Jordan Harbinger Show. Now as you know, I also spent a lot of time in the automotive industry bringing together kind of again, this idea of sensors, data, AI. So I kind of want to unpack what that trifecta looks like for John Deere vehicles. And maybe we start with a specific product. The John Deere 9RX830. I don't know if it's one of the ones behind you. Is it? It is very similar to that tractor right there. That one. That's great. So this model can retail up to like $2 million. So what is this tractor built to do and what kind of sensors sit on it? Yeah. A long time ago we started putting high performance compute and sensing elements on these products that enabled them to start to collect information that was useful to the farmer. So in the case of that 9R, those units would be responsible for collecting and communicating the information of how the planting process went. Like, how many seeds did you plant? Where did you plant them? What depth did you plant them into those sorts of things? So that a farmer can take that agronomic information and understand, okay, what did that produce in terms of germination? How many seeds germinated and are going to create a new plant? And I can then use that information and use it either in the next season to determine how many seeds to plant and how deep to plant them. Or I can use it sort of in season to understand where I may need to read plant my field. I didn't have good germination. I need to replant those seeds. All of that data goes from the planter behind that tractor through the tractor up to a cloud instance and into a mobile application that the farmer would be able to access. Do you use computer vision? Do you use radar? Light art? Like, what kind of sensing? So both on that machine and on that machine, two different applications. We do use computer vision on the tractor. There's a fundamental issue in agriculture. We mentioned that 1.5% of the population is involved in agriculture. What that fundamentally means is, in many cases, there's not enough labor to do all the work on the farm or at least labor's a challenge on the farm. Primarily because in most of the production systems we're involved in, you need all of the labor at a very specific point of the year, right? We plant all of the corn and soybeans, for example, and the U.S. are generally planted in a two to three-week window in the spring. So every farmer is busy planting, right? And so you need these maximum amounts of labor in a very short period of time. So labor's a challenge. We've already got, I told you, hands-free guidance on these pieces of equipment, but we haven't replicated the greatest sensor of all, which is the human, right, in the cab of the machine. And so we started working in the space of full autonomy. We've been working in that space probably for 30 years, but more recently, publicly, we started to show the world what we're up to in terms of replacing or giving the farmer the choice to replace themselves in the cab of the machine if they choose to do so. And so we've had full autonomy on those tractor products and limited applications with customers over the last four years. And that sensor modality is primarily a camera array around the top of the operator station of that tractor. So 16 cameras, overlapping fields of view. We do frame-by-frame calibration so that we get depth from that sensor array as well. The compute to do that is not a trivial task. So we run embedded GPUs in video or in platform GPUs on that product. And importantly, in our application, they need to be hardened. They need to be able to survive shock and vibe and temperatures that traditionally these compute devices would not survive. So they're not sitting in an air-conditioned data center. No, they're definitely not. So we take a lot of pride in our ability to harden some of these devices that that traditionally would, to your point, not find their way into our applications, because we need them, we need the compute capability in order to do that perception problem on the machine. In the machine right below at this is called a self-propelled sprayer. We use computer vision in a very different way. That machine has a boom that will spread out to 120 feet. It will travel at about 15 miles an hour. And traditionally, it would apply herbicide, pesticide, herbicide across every square meter of the field. Even if that part of the field didn't need the application, because there was no way to sense whether or not the crops needed it in that particular application. So we put 36 cameras across that boom. We put nine embedded GPUs on that product. And we do what we call sea and spray. So we sense the ground at 15 miles an hour. And we look for pixels that contain weeds and pixels that don't contain weeds. And the idea is you don't need to spray herbicide on ground that doesn't have weeds. And so you only spray the weeds, which is good for the farmer. It's good for the planet. Nobody wants to spray more herbicide than they need to. It's good business for us. So it's bit of a triple win and their great applications of AI and agriculture. Yeah, that's awesome. One way to think about these tractors are that they're a massive data collection machine. And to your point, you're uploading or you're processing all this data, uploading it to a cloud somewhere. What do you then do to the data? And then how does that then show up on the operator or the farmer's side? Yeah. So the data goes to a cloud instance. But in many of these locations, it's remember their rural locations. And so you may not have dress real sell even here in the US. So we partner with Starlink to put low-earth orbit satellite terminals on product in areas where we don't have great terrestrial cellular connectivity. But in one way, shape or form, data gets pushed into a cloud instance. And we do a lot of different things to it. We process the data into usable pieces for the farmer. So they can look at things like a yield coverage map would be a good example. So because we know where every seed was planted and we know where the machine is when it's being harvested, we can tell you in fertilization of about the size of a pizza box, maybe one square meter of resolution, how much corn or soybeans or whatever the crop is came from that particular area. I refer to it as the farmer report card. It's how good did we do? Did we produce 150 bushels of corn on this particular piece of ground? Or did we produce 300 bushels of corn on this piece of ground? And at the end of the day, that is what the farmer wants to know because it provides them the information that's necessary for them to make better farming decisions, better agronomic decisions, whether that's genetic variety of the crop, whether it's the seed density, whether it's the nutrient schedule, all of these things for the next year. They get that exposed to them in two different ways. We expose it in what we call John Deere Operations Center. It's our digital offering to customers. And they can see that either in a desktop version, which is the way that most of them will do their back office data understanding and data analysis post-harvest. Or they can, we expose it in a mobile environment, Android or iOS, which is where the feature set that is more near-term resides so that they can understand logistics on the farm. Yeah. How has generative AI changed any of your products and how farmers experience the products? Yeah. The predictive side of things is we've done that for a long time. We do things like try to, based upon aggregated data sets and optimized aggregated data sets. We look at those and say, when is the best time to plant? So that's sort of the conventional way that the data sets can be used. The generative AI and I would argue transformer networks in general are interesting to us for a whole variety of reasons. I think the first is agricultural data is often poorly structured. And so it's messy. It's complicated. But generative models have given us the ability to sort of reject the noise in the data and focus on the signal, and to be able to do that at faster clock speeds than we've traditionally been able to do it. So you can unpack, I think, more insights out of the data. We're also interested, though, in them for edge use cases. I talked to you about the autonomous use case as an example. This notion that you can do an end-to-end, and hey, let's just understand what a farmer would do. How do they manipulate the controls when their eyes see these things, when their ears hear these things? In that way, you can sort of completely emulate what the farmer is doing within the operation as opposed to just assuming that they're going to make these decisions when the sensory inputs are X. OK, so that's really interesting. What you're saying, I think, is that, OK, take one of these tractors. The default model is it's collecting all this data. It's going to the cloud. It's going to go back to the farmer's mobile phone. And the farmer's going to say, you know what? Click action A taken. Instead, you can actually have all this run on the edge where in the tractor, basically, where the tractor can say, OK, I have all this data. It's very likely that I need to make decision X or decision A or whatever. That's exactly right. That's so cool. It's very interesting. It is only an idea that you can contemplate tractably doing today because the compute's expensive don't get me wrong. But it's nearly-- it's not the limiting factor anymore. Traditionally, it's always been the limiting factor for us on the edge. And we're the embedded GPU compute. It trails roughly six years the data center compute in terms of operations that you can run on a given unit of power. And so you can kind of think forward. Like you think what's happening in a data center compute today. And in five, six years, you're going to have that capability in your hands at the field edge. What are you going to do with it then? It's a tantalizing intellectual thought experiment to go through. Yeah. I mean, the whole semiconductor space is-- there's a lot of new players that are essentially just focusing on the inference problem. Right? You saw Google. They're separating. Inference is going to be a separate compute device. And I think that's interesting in its own way. We still need some inference on the edge, but no doubt. But separating that out of the equation gives us the ability to sort of play with the compute topologies on the edge in a way that we traditionally have not been able to. We have more to get into. How farmers are using AI on the ground today and what role robots might play in the field? Stay tuned. [MUSIC PLAYING] [MUSIC PLAYING] Do you envision-- I guess I'm envisioning farmers using just natural language, like a chat interface, basically, to prompt for data and insights? It's-- I was meeting with growers in Pasco, Washington, farmers in Pasco, Washington. I don't know, this was a year ago. And there was probably 16 or 17 folks. But I started out the presentation, the conversation with how many of you have heard of chat GPT and all their hands went up. And I said, how many of you use it on the farm? And almost all their hands went up. And then the next question was, how many of you use it regularly like every day? And about half of them did, right? And so that's an interesting observation, like they're using it as a thought partner to assimilate the data that's on the farm and to juxtapose that against decisions that they would make and to spar with them intellectually a little bit about what are the decisions I should be making on the farm. So I do think there is an appetite for it for sure. And there is an opportunity for that to start to contribute to making the farming practices more efficient, more effective over time. Yeah, it's so cool because, again, like you're collecting so much data. And I imagine there's set dashboards where you can see different views. But it would be so cool to be able to interrogate that data and just ask, just natural questions. Exactly. And that's the reason that they're drawn to it is the interface. The user experiences, it's in the description. It's very natural, right? Yeah. It's a very strong business model to own the entire tech stack. But from a farmer's perspective, it feels like a little bit of a monopoly, right? And I want to talk about the right to repair for a moment. So John Deere just settled a lawsuit around this. I would love to first have you explain what is the right to repair issue and then your perspective on this and what happens next. Yeah, sure. And maybe I'll rewind and start 25 or 30 years ago and we started to put microcontrollers on equipment. This idea that a farmer was going to want to reprogram those microcontrollers was never a thought. It just-- it wasn't 25 or 30 years ago. And so I would say the current state is sort of an evolution from that point. In fact, we wouldn't have thought about reprogramming those controllers back then, either unless something had failed and we needed to load new software. There's no on the air updates. Right? There was no over the air updates, right? So, you know, we didn't get here, you know, I would say intentionally we got here as a consequence of technology changing over time and customer sentiment changing over time and there are customers today who want the ability to update software on their controllers. That's at the core of the argument and up until we produced a product called customer service advisor that gave customers the ability to do that. They had to purchase the tool that was very similar to the dealer tool that was used to update controllers. But there was still friction in the system. They had to go to a dealer to get that tool. They had to pay for it too, right? They had to pay for it, you know, there were technical hurdles between here and there and it wasn't very efficient is probably the right way to describe it. And so last July in response to that, we came out with operations, operations center pro service is what the trade name is, but it's effectively the ability for you to download any controller payload to your phone, to your smart device and then walk out to your tractor or your sprayer and push that payload file to the controller. So that you want to update as an owner of the piece of equipment. So we made that update process much more efficient, much more effective and you can do it through your smart device. That internet shell was our response to this idea of right to repair because the argument is mostly centered around the software space as opposed to the hardware side of things. So for our complete existence, we've provided service parts and service manuals and those sorts of things to be able to do the maintenance and service on your equipment as you want. And we still do that today. There are tractors that are 70 or 80 years old that we still provide service parts for and you can still go to a John Deere dealer and buy the service part and update the piece of equipment yourself. So at the time we've been proficient at the mechanical side of making sure that the customers have the ability to repair their equipment. I'd say the right to repair is us catching up on the digital side of being able to do that. So this is slightly different than this idea of like, for example, if my car breaks down, I can take it to my dealership, but I can also go to the mechanic down the street kind of thing and just fix it for a lot less money really. Yeah, it's similar. So this this operation center pro service is also available to independent repair shops so you can take your tractor to an independent repair shop and they can do this offer update as well. And they can they can do the mechanical updates if you want them to do that also. Okay, very interesting. Okay. All right. So let's look forward a bit and I want to set the stage. There's an alter ego version of me that I'm originally from Egypt. I love mangoes. I'm a had not a mango farm, but she had mango trees in her in her heart. Yeah. And I I've actually visited a couple of mango farms in Cairo because I'm like, someday I'll I'll build a mango farm. I don't know. Awesome. But it's going to be the farm of the future. So I would love for you to describe what that future look farm looks like. I want to pull it all together in a to set a scene. You game to play. Yeah, for sure. Build my mango farm together. Yeah, we'll do it. So we're starting in the morning and farmer gets up and then what's next? You like pull up your laptop and you look at the data dashboard. Like is that step one? I actually think there's a there's a digital assistant that's probably talking to you once you get up telling you what the weather's like on the mango fields that you have telling you what. You know the potential steps you should take that they are that that maximize your farm productivity. Whether that's telling you the health of those trees. The state of the trees relative to harvest. What nutrients those trees need? What sort of illness the trees might have like all of those things probably are being communicated to you. I think you're not reading them. I think you're listening to them. I'm just I have like a voice AI agent that's talking to me. Okay. All right. And then are the tractors already out on the field because I don't know they're like autonomous and they 4 a.m. They started themselves and just headed out. I think the way I think about autonomy on the farm is as it is a tool in the toolbox for the grower and it is their choice. So it could be you could absolutely have if you wanted that tractor to go start its work, you know, unprompted. For sure that can be a thing that happens if you want to prompt the work that is also a thing that can happen. I think that the key thing is you don't have to be in it if you don't want to be in it. Okay. Cool. And then I am really fascinated by the field of humanoid robots and actually we're looking at a number of robotics companies that are specifically building humanoid robots. For heavy industry like ship welding and whatnot. I like the idea of humanoids and agriculture for a whole host of reasons. There are some jobs that no humans want to do like in the upper Midwest going into a grain bin, you know, at the this time of the year and cleaning it out and preparing it for the next season's harvest. It's a dusty dirty dark job. You know, you have to wear a respiratory mask. You have to it is not a place that anybody no no farmer, no honest farmer is going to say I love to do the grain bin job. And what a perfect application for something like the humanoid. I also think in the mango farm. There there's a whole host of crops that are challenging to harvest mechanically right fruits and that's you know there are fruits is especially are more challenging and so I do think there is and lots of companies have created the spoke robotic harvesters for grapes and strawberries and tomatoes and these sorts of things. But I think that the thing that they all struggle with is the manipulation that humans can provide and in this right this is a hard thing to replicate and I think humanoids have a space in the harvesting part of agriculture. If we can get the hand right because there's a dexterity associated with that that is just difficult to replicate in other form factors and especially in things like citrus and and and mangoes and these higher value crops berries. Exactly. I think there's an incredible opportunity in that space for them. Yeah. How do you see the role of AI in feeding the planet even beyond what it can do for farming. Yeah, I think you know the food chain farmer sort of are the nucleus for the things that you and I get to consume on a daily basis but there's a whole host of inefficiencies that exist in the food production system from the point of the farmer all the way through the vertical and the integration of those. Feed stocks into the food that we consume and then the distribution of that food so I think there's a role for AI to play across the whole value chain of agriculture. We assume and sort of compartmentalize this into the agricultural space and then maybe the conversion of those crops into the raw materials for food production and then the actual food production part of things the products that we would see in the store. And then the consumption and the delivery and the logistics of those things I think is nobody's ever been able to look at it put their hands completely around that whole cycle if you want to think about it that way and I think I gives you the opportunity to do that and sort of interrogate where are the inefficiencies in this system and how can we be more effective moving forward. And how to reimagine it. Yeah. Jamie, this was such a fascinating conversation. Thank you so much for joining us. Yeah, it was my pleasure. Jamie shared so many fascinating details on how AI is transforming one of the world's most important industries like how they're using AI to track crop and soil health. I actually love how Jamie put it. They're helping plants live their best lives. And if you're not in the industry, I think it's easy to have an image of farming that stuck in the past. I don't know who knew the amount of technology powering equipment like tractors. I didn't. I also really appreciated our discussion and robots. There's a fear that humanoid robots could replace jobs, but in farming, they could take on the work that no one wants to do. And this is an incredible example of AI augmenting, not replacing humans. If you're building in this space, I would love to hear from you. Find me on Instagram or LinkedIn. Thank you so much for listening. We will be back with a new episode next week. Pioneers of AI is a weight-watt original production. Our executive producer is Eiff Tro. Our producer is Rachel Isshakawa. Our senior talent executive is Stephanie Stern, mixing and mastering by Brian Pute, video editing by Eric Purcell, original music by Ryan Holiday. Our head of podcasts is Lita Malat. You can join the conversation across social media platforms. Just look for us at Pioneers of AI. Thanks so much for listening. [Music] [BLANK_AUDIO]