Justin Garcia (on the science of sex)

Welcome, welcome, welcome to Armchair Expert, experts on expert. I am Dan Shepherd and I'm joined by Lily Padman. Hi. Today we have Justin Garcia on who is a sex researcher and evolutionary biologist, a scientific advisor to match.com and executive director of the Kinsey Institute, the famous Kinsey Institute. This was so fun because he knows all the data. He knows it. He knows it. Sex and hair bonds, relationships, he knows everything. Yeah, this was endlessly fascinating. I had a bazillion questions. The more we talked about the more curious I got. Yeah, it's really good. He's epic and he has a book out now called The Intimate Animal, the Science of Sex, Fidelity and why we live and die for love, which is a phenomenal read and very eye-opening. Please enjoy Justin Garcia. Justin, where are you in from? Indiana. It's in Indiana. Yeah. Counterintuitive. Yeah. The Kinsey Institute is on the Bloomington campus by an hour south of Indianapolis but it's a funny place for this hotbed of sex research and it is Southern Indiana. You wouldn't expect it but in some ways that's the story of studying sex for 80 years. The Kinsey Institute was because we were in Southern Indiana in a pretty conservative state. It's the Bible belt. Indiana is in middle of a similar way. What happened in California by trying to have Indiana and Jerry Manson. Yeah. Yeah. So to have all Republican seats. So you think, how do we end up there? But it's what defines the Institute. Well, that was my very first question for you. I think the history of the Kinsey Institute will be really fascinating for all of us to be here because I think we have vagabewarness of it. But first and foremost, you're a New Yorker. I'm a New Yorker. What did your parents do? Well, I was raised by a single mom and we're still very close to talk every day. Actually, my parents semi-retired in Bloomington. So they're closer to me and my wife Michelle Nouts and we have an infant. So they're helping with that which is what a blessing. Thank you. Yeah. Yeah, we raised two kids with no family around. Well, my sister but no grandparents. It's really tough. In some ways, what's been interesting for me is so we had the baby after I finished the book and you have these moments that you'll think, well, this is why Mother Nature made these pair of bonds so intense. Like how on earth do you get through this unless you deeply love the person you're doing? Absolutely. So when I was a twin, my stepfather entered the picture. Did you get a good one? They'll door my step. They're pretty rare. Yeah, yeah. Lucky. And my best friend growing up hated a stepdad. What's interesting and I think now when I look at my work and understand the evolution of family relationships and how families connect or anthropologists will sometimes talk, it takes a couple to raise kids. It takes a family to raise a couple. It takes a village to raise a family that we're nested in these. Social layers that part of that is those degrees of relatedness. And a stepparent, and when they enter the picture, there's this warming up period. You inherently have a genetic relationship to some people where in answer, uncles or genetic parents that you kind of expect that, that feedback that saying, oh, you shouldn't feed them that. You should raise them this. Yeah. When someone else enters, you have to really build that trust and connection before you start to tolerate. Then that changes. That's what's so remarkable about humans. It's not like you're suddenly changing your DNA. But they become an ingroup member. They become a part of a family. Yeah. And that's what's so interesting about our social lives is that we respond to environment. We respond to context. We respond to who's there and when and why and how and we're an adaptive predator. We are. We'll get into it as we get into the weeds. How we're living currently versus how we live 300,000 years ago as hunting and gathering societies. They almost bear no resemblance to one another. And so we get to watch our evolution butt up against our new culture, which is not without its casualties. Yeah. As you got into the evolutionary biology track, where would you rank your interests in human evolution? Sorry. Went to school at Binghampton University in New York, part of the SUNY system and we had this evolution in the Nerry Studies Institute. So it was intended from the start to be thinking about evolution and all sorts of different disciplines. It was housed in biology, but including psychologists, anthropologists, people in English, literature and history. So I was really fortunate. I had this institute that I trained in that we were thinking about evolution broadly. I started my graduate studies with a pretty narrow focus. I was interested in the brain. I was interested in the dopamine system and risk taking and then the genetics of it and then the evolutionary genetics of it and these different patterns. Some risk takers, some people who are neophobic. I was interested in DRD2 and DRD4. There were these dopamine receptor genes for our ancestors. They evolved the thought as they evolved for risk taking so that there were some individuals in a population who would go see what was on the other side of that mountain. So you had some folks that really migrated and they had to have a propensity for risk, but they might die sometimes. So the other side of risk, you could find mates and resources and new lands, but you could die. So you're into this dopamine reward system, whole network and risk taking and then where do we go from there? For me, these are big stories about social behavior, the evolution of sociality, the fact that we are a social species, not all species are. Not only are we social, we're preferentially social. So you like one individual more than another. We have friends. We have people that we rank. It's not just that we walk outside and we say hi to everyone, we groom everyone. We have preferential sociality and then our romantic and sexual relationships fall within that. It's a type of social behavior, but it's a highly specialized one. So now I would love for you to tell us a little bit about the history of the Kinsey Institute that you are currently the executive director of and you're bringing back an old theme, which is Kinsey himself was also, he was an evolutionary balance. You're only two, right? How many directors have there been five or six? I think I'm six. So Kinsey was a zoologist. He was a Harvard trained zoologist. He studied golwasps. He also studied insects and he was renowned for that. He was renowned as a zoologist. He also interestingly used evolutionary theory in his work. So he wrote an introductory biology textbook. And at the time it was one of the first in the 1930s that used evolution as an overarching framework for the whole book where before that it was a chapter, it was a section. And today we take that for granted. Every intro biology textbook uses evolution as a sort of meta theory we call it as guiding principles. And he was just this interesting guy, hyperdized over 200 species of iris. He collected thousands and thousands of specimens of golwasps. Most of them are in the Museum of Natural History in New York City now. Can I ask what kind of personality type was? Yeah, I love that. You ask this. Every so often we'll do an event like we have an award in his name and we'll do events and people are like, do you have any pictures of him smiling? Then we have a handful that we'll use. But there's not that many of them. He was very serious. He was a serious academic. And I think because he understood the weight of the research he's did when he transitioned to studying sexuality. But when you talk to people who were interviewed by Kinsey, so the initial Kinsey reports that emerged and I'll get back to the whole story. But when the Kinsey reports emerged, there were 18,000 interviews in total, about 8,000 of them he did himself. Wow. It was an enormous amount of labor. And the interviews lasted between three and 18 hours. Some of them were several days long. Oh my God. I thought we were like impressive for doing a thousand episodes and two hours apart. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Worked me. Yeah. You're doing great. But Dr. Kinsey. No, you didn't say. You would do these interviews. And when we look at reports from people who were interviewed, you hear that he was charming, that he was thoughtful, that he really focused on the person in front of him. And for some people, they say, I shared things with him that I didn't share with anyone else, that I didn't feel safe to share with anyone else. And what a remarkable legacy that people, their whole lives couldn't talk about who they were or what they wanted until they were in a laboratory with this renowned scientist in this notion that it was secure and safe. So there was that part of him. And then there was this serious scientist part of him. So he first came to Indiana University in 1920 and was teaching biology. And the story of Kinsey and the Kinsey Institute today, what was then called the Institute for Sex Research was in 1938. He was asked to team teach a course on kind of a sexual hygiene, a marriage course. And a couple of universities around the country were starting to pop up these marriage courses in the late 1930s. And you point out in the book, like, a lot of people were married in college back then. Right. So different from today, I could lecture 500 students and no one's married. What's a marriage course mean? Like, how to? Yes. Part like sexual hygiene, preventing venereal diseases as far as what to do when you want to have kids. So it was a little bit reproduction, a little bit sexual health, like vocational training. Yeah. For marriage. Because they'll tell you like, there's no book on this. There's no course on how to be married. Turns out there is. There was. Yeah. And what was interesting was so you had to be like a married student. You had to be a certain age to be in these courses. You had to be an upper class man to be in these courses and people were signing up. And the thought at the time was, well, have that guy in biology. Have Kinsey who's studying gall was and knows a little bit about sexual reproduction because he's an evolutionist and it's your bread and butter. Have him do a section of the course. That'll be safe. And I think this represents the very best of what a university should be. Even to today, what a university, a research university should be. Students had so many questions that they brought to the faculty that they couldn't answer. They couldn't find the answers in the library or the other books because there wasn't a book or in the academic literature. So what Dr. Kinsey said is we have to go out and find answers. Our application is academics. Students have questions. Let's go through research and answer them from that curiosity. From students and from the faculty, they started doing interviews in town and Bloomington and now we're outside Indianapolis. And we have so much shame around sex that we don't talk about. We don't talk about sex. We have sexual hygiene. That's shameful. Shame. Yeah, framing is a disease. Yeah, preventing the disease. Earlier in my career, I used to write about hook up culture and casual sex. And I was interested in how people were negotiating, young people were negotiating. casual sex with desires for relationships and commitment. And we found 51% of college age men and women, no gender difference, had a casual sex hookup because they wanted to initiate a romantic relationship with the person. And they didn't necessarily know the scripts for dating or they were trying a different avenue to get there. I remember giving lectures at the time and so many students this idea was like, well, it's a sexual revolution. You know, young people are hooking up now, as is maybe 10 years ago. And I thought, like, do you know what your parents did when they were in college? No, your grandparents didn't have 60s. And there's this idea of like, no, that every generation has a moment that they imagine that they are sexually-- - The firms. - Yeah, and that no one before them was, but we have a long history and a deep evolutionary history. Sex was a part of our lives and people knew about it and they talked about it. They had rituals about it. They sing for it. They dance for it. They celebrate it because it was a part of reproduction in some societies. It's tied more or less to really celebrating reproduction and family formation. And then others, what's so unique about humans is that we can celebrate it for pleasure. And not all species can do that. Even the fact that we can have sex any time of the year that women can have sex across the menstrual cycle. A lot of species, females can't engage in sexual activity and reproductive behaviors around their ovulation cycle. There's a species where the vaginal opening closes or take rats in a laboratory. The females engage in lordosis. They arch their back. It's only during certain parts of the cycle that they can arch their back enough that a male could walk in. So there's all these physiological constraints on mating. Humans are adaptively released from that because sex is so tied to our social behavior, to our relationships. Yeah. So as Professor Kinsey started attempting to answer these questions, what were some of the things that immediately he wanted to answer? Students were coming with questions somewhere about things that just no one was talking about, like pain with sexual activity. Some were talking about behaviors. And he wasn't really interested in identity, the way that we think about it today. But what he was interested in is that people's behaviors and fantasies didn't align. So over the 80 years since, we've got different methods where we think about that. We unpack that a little bit differently. So today, sex researchers talk about sexual behaviors, sexual preferences and your sexual identities. And sometimes they could be different. So let's say you're a heterosexual male who's in prison for 20 years. We know that many have a boyfriend or a partner. And there's all sorts of reasons. Sometimes it's loneliness, sometimes it's safety. So does that fundamentally change your orientation? And it's a behavior, but is it your preferred behavior if you weren't in that particular context? Now, that's a case of prison. We see things in military. We see things in populations where there's a huge sex ratio. We're all a huge social group. Soulgers, yeah. Yeah, there's all sorts of different examples. If you're not going to see a female for four years, you've got to start considering other. Humans are creative. What's interesting about that is it doesn't necessarily mean your identity is changing, or what you think of as your orientation. It also doesn't mean that your preferences aren't necessarily changing. So how we look at behaviors, and in fact, when we look at big data in the United States, if you look at how many men and women had a sexual event in the last year, and did they have heterosexual events, same sex events, there's way more men than have had a sexual event with another man last year than who identify as gay and bisexual. Concentual, yes. Yeah, okay. There were a study years ago by a colleague of mine, and the paper that they wrote was called "Straight Girls Kissing." And the idea was that two college women in a bar who kiss and early on people were saying, well, they're doing that for the boys, because the boys want this attention. All these young men, they're buying them drinks, they get the drinks, and that's why they kiss in the boy. It's hot. Yeah, it's very this idea. It's kind of sexy as a turning them on. But what these two sociologists argued was, what everyone is forgetting about that is maybe the women just wanted to kiss each other. And by doing it publicly in a bar as a show, you in some ways remove some of the stigma. This public display of it allows people to experiment with their sexualities in a way that it feels safer because it doesn't challenge this idea of who you are, what you really want. So today, researchers and the public are really interested in questions of identity, of sexual identity, of how do you identify? Even if you do a survey today, you would often be asked what's your identity. That's a different question from your behavior. And that has all sorts of implications because people assume certain things about your behavior that if you're gay or lesbian, you're engaging in certain types of behavior, but we know that people are flexible. So in fact, if you talk to gay and lesbian, people most have had an opposite gender experience at some point in their life or when they're younger, but sometimes even later in life, you'll talk to lesbian's who will say, we wanted to have kids and we wanted to do it this particular way. And this doesn't necessarily challenge your identity. Now, there's plenty of other ways you can reproduce too if you have the resources. A lot of what we think about when we talk about sex and family and reproduction, a lot of it is resource bound. So we can talk about in here in LA or in New York, if you're a lesbian and you want to have kids, you can do IVF. Well, there's a whole lot of people around the world who don't have the resources for that and they find other ways. And sometimes that's just behavior. There's these realities of how flexible our sexual lives can look. What's interesting when we think about the other apes, so we're all a little bit different in our sexual behaviors. And when we kind of look just to humans and understand our diversity, I think part of what we can do is also look to the other apes and understand that diversity and say, ah, there's a lot going on in how we respond to environments. So gorillas have a heron mating system. Chimpanzees are multi-male, multi-female, or what we call promiscuous mating. So people don't like that term. I love it. Miss you, it sounds fun. Yeah. Well, it was a technical term in the literature and now it's loaded with me. He did. And Bonobos have a similar multi-male, multi-female, but then Gibbons, what are called the lesser ape, who most distantly related of the apes, they engage in social monogamy. They engage in long term bonds. A rangatang is a different system. Well, there's the most fascinating because the females get raped. And somehow, biologically, I don't know that we know, we didn't know in 2000 when I graduated. Yeah. They somehow select for who gets them pregnant, which is still fascinating. There's still a lot of debates. There are researchers who study rangatangs. They're just really difficult to study. They are like deep in the farthest of Borneo way up high. So it is, it's coercive mating. I was raped, behavioral, what we would call humans. And there's a little bit of evidence that they do have preferential partners sometimes. So that females might even kind of stick around certain males where they are, what part of the trees and the males are heavier. So the females try to escape by going higher up in the trees or further out in the branches. It's too far for the males to get to. Yeah, once they're full adult males, they're just sitting on the ground. They're too big to get up there. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Big cheeks. I think they have the highest sexual dimorphism maybe besides gorillas. Yeah, they're like two and a half times the size of the females. Yeah. And the sexual dimorphisms, they depend on certain traits. So what's interesting, one of the ones that researchers have studied for instance are genitals. So gorillas have actually really small testes for body mass because they don't have a lot of sperm competition. Interest. If you have seen the balls on a chimp. Yeah, exactly. They're enormous. Yeah. Inorally humongous. Because there's a lot of mating. And the sperm of one male is competing with the sperm of another male inside the reproductive track of a female. Interest. So they're producing. You better really hose it down here. Poor female. Poor female chimp. And it turns out when we look around the animal kingdom, there's all sorts of adaptations of ways that organisms are responding to this sort of mating. Hyenas fascinatingly, right? A matriarchy with a clitoris. It looks like a penis. And they prefer the clitoris. Yeah. Well, if you see wolves or if you have a large dog, you'll sometimes know they mate. And the penis continues to swell and mating. And the males can get stuck. And that prevents another male from mating in a short period. So sometimes we see things that look so wild. And there's actually this evolutionary adaptive story. Now, I think that's what drew me. When I try to get deeper and deeper and deeper, what draws me to it, it's that there is reason to all this. Nothing is accidental. I remember being a first year graduate student and so I did my masters in anthropology in my PhD in evolutionary biology. And one of the cultural anthropologists, I asked a question about evolution and behavior. And one of the cultural anthropologists looked at me and said, do you think we're just like magpies and attracted to shiny things? And I thought, yes, I do. And because we do have these evolutionary tendencies of liking shiny things. In fact, when we look at cultures around the world, why do we have so much shiny art and jewelry and decorate ourselves with shiny things? There's patterns to our behavior that are rooted in the legacy. Yeah, undeniable. And this legacy of social behavior, but also trying to signal certain types of information. And I think what's interesting for me is that when we understand that, we can also try to biohack parts of it. We can try and improve our relationships. If we understand where some of those tensions and touch points are, but also the things that we're really craving that we might sometimes forget. So just to speed through, Kinsey, I think the part that was really breakthrough, or at least my limited understanding of it, is women prior to his work weren't even a part of the equation. They were not sexual creatures. They really had no sexual desires. They were mothers. He challenged kind of all of that. Is that accurate? So Kinsey was teaching team teaching this course in 1938. Two years in the university president said, you can either do this massive study or go back to teaching, but you can't do both 'cause you're interviewing everyone in town about their sex life. And so he decided to go do this study. And then in 1947, the Kinsey Institute was formed. It was then called the Institute for Sex Research. And it was formed to protect the data. Kinsey was very much aware that there were actors, including government actors, who might want to know who were in these studies. And there was a time you could be put in a mental institution for being gay. - Wow. - As we had sawdme laws on the book, - Yeah. - On the sexuality was still in the DSM as a mental illness in the 1940s. And he was aware of that. So he felt that we had to protect, he had to protect the participants. I say we 'cause it's still so fundamental to what we do as researchers of protecting the people who share a piece of their life with us in a setting. - Yeah. - They're putting so much trust in you. - Yeah, and we have to honor that at all costs. And we try and all sorts of different ways, some are legal, some are how we code data. So actually they had a coding system that if you walked in today, you couldn't decipher this coding system, which is a great reminder of the obligation of a researcher. So 47, they form the Institute of Sex Research as a separate non-for-profit 501C3 on the IU campus. 1948, the first book comes out, "Sexual Behavior of Human Mell." Huge best seller, Kinsey's lecturing all over the world. I have a picture outside my office. I've been lecturing at UC Berkeley and the men's gymnasium and it's packed. And at the time, the joke was, "Kinsey filled the Berkeley gym more than any sporting event." People were craving this information. And then to your point, five years later, "Sexual Behavior of Human Female" came out. Actually, a much more theoretical book. Oh, it's interesting. Because they had to change how they were measuring sexual outlet. In the male volume, they associated climax with a sexual event, which we wouldn't do today either. If there were things that change in 80 years from research as it should, it's iterative. We get better. But they knew instantly they couldn't do that with females because orgasm rates were so variable. So they had to change how they were laying out all the data in the book. Did you engage in sexual behavior? But then did you also have this climax as separate? Interesting. The female book was also a bestseller. But what was interesting was they were book burnings all over the country. But you had to buy it to burn it. So it was bestseller. So this idea that he could talk about men's sexuality and society was okay with it. Most of society, there were still a lot of people who were not okay with asking anything and still are not okay with asking anything about sex and relationships and gender and reproduction. But the second volume, when he started showing data about people's wives and mothers and sisters and daughters, this idea that women had sexual lives, that they wanted sex, that they craved pleasure, but only a quarter were regularly-- And was that a symptom of hysteria? Yes, exactly. And it wasn't this sort of the Freudian meal. That then people had a very different reaction. He lost funding. He lost funding from the Rockefeller Foundation at the time. And then there was a big court case that they had tried to ship 31 photographs in the mail. It still is used today as an example of academic freedom laws. And censorship laws was a very influential case. It was called US versus 31 photographs. Because when the government, in particular when something is seized by customs, the item is named in the court case. It was like US versus candle. Oh, wow. So these funny cases-- Sounds so stupid. I know, right? They were nude photos. And the government seized them because they said this violated obscenity laws. And the case ultimately over seven years determined that researchers had the right to have materials that some people might find objectionable for the sake of research. And it was settled in 1957. It's still really important for all sorts of researchers of all stripes. Kinsey did so much for us to be able to ask questions about our sex. Even the fact that we could sit here and talk openly about love and sex, that we had to have people before us. We had to fight for that. Start that ball roll. Yeah. For the book burnings, do you know, was it equally shunned by men and women? Or was it mainly like men don't want to hear about women? Do you know? Thing of pictures that I've seen, I don't know any numbers on it. And it was a mix. There were a lot of men. I'm almost thinking of like today's abortion debates. Right. I see all these men. And maybe that's right. Yeah, I just imagine like who's-- I assume it's both. It was both. I was just going to say it's always counterintuitive though how many women participate in things that might not benefit them. But they're benefiting from the larger structure of the patriarch or the-- Yeah, yeah, yeah. So there's trickle downs. Yeah. For some people, this idea that if you talk about your sex life, some don't want to talk about it for religious reasons, but then they maybe have to confront something. One of the things that came up, my colleague Judith Allen, is a historian who studied Dr. Kinsey's work but was a leading authority on the history of sexology as a field. And she argued one of the things that happened in the books was that when Kinsey would talk to couples and the researchers would talk to couples, and he brought in other researchers. He realized he was a biologist. He brought in anthropologists and sociologists. And he had to have this teamy assembled. And it was hours and hours of training because you had to be able to ask questions and not make someone feel judged. You wouldn't say, when was your last affair? You would say, how old were you the first time you had sex outside your marriage? Oh, wow. And it was really this focus of not invoking that shame. There's behavior that's happening all over the world. And so for some folks, there were sort of religious views or particular cultural views that shaped and shaded how they thought about their sexualities. And then for others, it was because I have pain with sex. I don't know who to go to for a resource. So I just don't want to talk about it. But what Judith Allen found in her historical work was that when he talked to couples and it's been turned into comedy bits since then, you talked to a couple and women would say, oh my gosh, my husband wants to have sex all the time. It's like all the time. He's scratching at the door. He wants to have sex. It's three times a week. And then you talk to the husband and say, well, my wife doesn't want ever have sex. She's not interested. We barely have sex. We only have sex three times a week. So sometimes the same activity, the interpretation of it could be different. I think what's challenging is we often don't have the tools or the comfort to talk about that. So we see these people showing up in the therapist chair, which is great. You're getting help. You're getting resources. You have a guide to talk through those. But they're not necessarily having conversations with their partners about, is our sex life working for you? Is it working for me? We did a study at the start of COVID on people's romantic and sexual lives. And most of it was good news. Actually, we did a several studies at the Kinsy Institute. We did one that showed that close to 85% of married people, their marriage got better during the pandemic. Because we only heard about the uptick and divorce rate. That was early on. And then it actually didn't increase all that much. But most marriages did better. There were some that really struggled. Or if you were in a relationship characterized by violence, for instance, you were really in trouble because you couldn't get out that easily worse than typical. Yeah, you're trapped. But most marriages, because you looked at your partner and you thought, this is the whole reason we did this, to weather uncertainty, to respond to storms. And you have this moment that you could look at each other, oh my gosh. We might die, but we're going to die together. Yeah, you fear death. Let's do that. Yeah. And so most marriages did well, but sexual frequency is decreased. We also found in another study. So also the frequency of masturbation decreased, which suggested that the desire had decreased. It wasn't just you were afraid of getting COVID from kissing your partner. And the one other piece I want to add on is, so the frequency decreased. But what we found was an increase in new behaviors. So when we looked, the variety was increasing. So about one in five people, it was the first time it took being locked up in the pandemic. It was the first time they ever turned to their partner and said, is there anything we've never tried? Do you have any fantasies we've not talked about? Is it sex thing? Is it a new behavior? I remember interviewing one couple and the woman said, my husband and I started having shower sex during the pandemic. And it was fun. And then as we were talking, she said, well, we really did it because we was in a place without a way from the kids for five months. Oh, yeah. It's a city out of necessity. But it was this idea that the pandemic was this horrible time for the whole world. But relationships are romantic lives. Were this place that we were weathering that storm? And for most people, they're relationships. Even though if you were just being counting and say, how much sex did you have in the last six months as the world was on fire? You would say, oh, maybe couples don't look so good. But actually, they were doing well. They were responding in all sorts of other ways. The relationship was doing well. Do you think part of that could almost be comparison? People in relationships had the wherewithal to know, I guess I'm glad I'm in a relationship. If I were alone, I'd be literally all alone in my house or apartment right now. Maybe there was some level of gratitude of understanding, like, oh, I have people. And that's good. I think it was. Gratitude. Yeah. And also this tension with your book, confronts primarily is like this tension between your sexual desires versus your intimacy desires. So when you're out in the real world, you're a observing your single buddy who just had a wild night and he's telling you about it. All these things that get pulled off of the table, I think helps you focus on why you give up all that stuff. Yeah. Is that even in your face as much? Speaking of being in your face on the pandemic piece, we do a big study called Singles in America with match every year. And what we found in that is a survey of 5,000 singles, one in four who had non-romantic roommates started a sexual relationship with them during the pandemic. One in four. There's a pretty high number, right? A quarter of people were. And this boredom at safety. Companionship. Yeah, companionship. You're out of options. Yeah. At least you're in your little pod. But it also was a moment that I think for a lot of people, we were looking around and seeing things we didn't see before. And it could be that you're trapped in the house and you have this roommate and say, I really enjoy living with you. There's all these things I like about you. I've never thought of you as a romantic or a sexual partner, but now that we're trapped here. Yeah, it's kind of the answer to, you know, we used to debate about this if you're on an island. I was thinking of the exact same thing. If you're on an island and there's one other person there, DAX is always saying, you will fall in love with them. It doesn't matter who they are. I'm like, no, I don't think necessarily. But maybe we could turn to some of the work on arranged marriage. I think that kind of gives us some insights on that that there has been some work that couples in arranged marriage long term can have just as high relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction. Even if you're kind of the only two on the island or the only two that your families decide you can marry. Now the big myth about arranged marriage in the anthropological literature is most people can reject it. Yes. So there is this sort of sense that, I mean, I think that's why some of the reality shows of arranged marriages, the challenge is in the real world people could say, hey, mom and dad, I'm not marrying that guy. Typically families want to do what's best for you and there's some flexibility there. Yeah, my parents have a half arranged marriage in that same way where it was two family members saying, hey, I have this brother. Oh, I have this daughter. Let's get them together. Yeah, we'd like to see this happen. But yeah, exactly. We'd love to see it happen, but I think it's more that than what people think. Exactly. Stay tuned for more armchair expert. We are supported by all state checking all state first could save you hundreds on car insurance. That's smart. Not checking your phone's battery before heading out. That'll get you every time. Of course your phone dies on the way to meet someone leaving you wandering around quietly panicking about being in the wrong spot. 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And now we have decision fatigue and anxiety. And there's too many options. And then you add the internet into that. Now I can see every girl from every town at all times. How do I know it's the best? There's been a lot of studies trying to understand how people are making sense of all this data in our dating lives. So more people meet on dating apps and websites than through any other venues. So if we ask Americans, we've asked them for the last 15 years in an annual survey. Where did you meet your most recent first date? And the internet in apps is the most common way. More than church and school and family and friends and a bar. Last time I looked, it was four or six percent met in a bar, or you know, over 30 percent are meeting from apps and websites. You go on and there's so many options. And what happens is the human brain are mating mechanisms didn't evolve in that context to have that much data. And there's different kinds of data. So our ancestors, not only would they have a smaller pool to choose from, you knew family network. You had reputational. The true social network, the ancestral social network. And you had all this other information. So we're dealing with different information in today's environment. And one of the challenges we know is sometimes some psychologists call it cognitive overload, some called paradox of choice. There's different ways that researchers have talked about it. But the challenge is you go on the app and you start swiping and looking for partners. And there's so many. And what happens is even if you start a chat with someone, you're kind of quick to move on to the next one because you say, well, I didn't like, I used two exclamation points. Who does that? Yeah, I wasn't perfect right out of the gate. So we're discounting perfectly reasonable partners because we have a sense of an unlimited resource. And then we're playing these sort of psychological games of saying like, oh, he has a picture of the puppy. I'll like him. It's caretaking. We found in one of our studies that people are looking at teeth as a way to assess your health and well being because they're kind of picking little things from photos, shine and hair. So we're trying to pick information. But when we think we have so many options and particularly it's this idea when we think it's unlimited, the brain just can't turn the lever to say we have to start making some decisions. And we know this from studies on foraging how animals look for food in a food patch. If they have a sense that the patch is ending that they could see the end of the bush of where there's fruit, then they might early on just look for the best thing. But then they start making some decisions. They realize it's running out. When you have a real sense of an unlimited resource, when the brain can't say we're running out, you never switch to this making decision mode. This is Leonardo DiCaprio. Yeah. He's got literally unlimited resources. It's not as full. I mean, he has resources himself, but unlimited options. Yeah, virtually every option. Yeah. It's a remap building. And we struggle. So the challenge for so many of us is we have to grab the brain and just say, okay, I'm going to make a choice. So we have to do things if we want to have more fun and more satisfaction with how we use these apps. I think we really have to do things and say, I'm going to start a conversation today. I'm going to swipe X number of people. You need a game plan. If you think it's just going to present itself to you, it's not. Yeah, because the apps are really introducing sites. They're not necessarily going to say here's your person who you're going to have a wonderful relationship with. Yeah. There's too much dynamic that happens in the real world. And there's timeliness. It could introduce you to someone and say, well, you're great, but you're about to move to Paris for three years. I don't know if this is going to work. It's the real world for people. There's always these timeliness factors, this geography, this family, there's careers. So all of that stuff happens that the apps can't pick up, but they can connect with people that you maybe can have a relationship with. But then you have to kind of make this decision. One of my favorite studies in experimental design, looking at app dating, online dating, and they gave people profiles. And the one group saw a smaller number than the other. I think the larger groups saw 24 profiles. And then the other group, I think saw six. And when they followed up with the participants in this experimental study, the people who saw fewer profiles were happier. Those that had more were in this was the grass greener on the other side idea, this idea that well, there was someone else I thought was attractive. And maybe I should have talked to some of those others. That's just in an experimental design where you have all things considered a relatively small number of more options. But we get stuck in this idea that maybe there's someone else out there that I should have interacted. And we forget the golden rule of relationship science. The grass isn't necessarily greener on the other side. The grass is greener where you water it. And that's the rule of relationship. One of beautiful sentence. And for a date, invest in that date. If you go on a date with someone, don't think about the hundred other options you have on your app, get to know the person. Have a conversation. Ask about their childhood, about their lives, about their experiences. Invest in human connection. That's why one of the things we've been looking at in some of our studies are second dates and how important they are. A huge advocate of second. Everyone's nervous on a first date. Go on a second date. Unless you really says, really try to invest. What are the grass? Yeah. I was just going to say I think of the knee jerk reaction to that. Scenario is that there's some green driving it. But I would imagine there's just as much of this loss bias we have. I deserve this great thing. It's like, what if I picked something that was less? It's this weird loss bias. But just starting to collect some new data that's not in the book on this idea of self-actualization. And one of the things I think we're seeing is tied to this. More and more people are saying, I need to be perfect to enter a relationship. I need to bring this perfect self to a relationship. And you have to be perfect in a relationship. I'm going to be perfect. You're going to be perfect. The relationship's going to be perfect. So we focus so much on working on ourselves. And as a biologist, now with all the therapists out there are going to say, yes, it's important. Not all of them. I actually think we're working too much on ourselves. We're focusing so much on this idea. Now sometimes it's real issues. Sometimes people are dealing with depression, addictions, exhaustion. Did you clean those up? Yeah. But this idea that we need to work through all of our traumas or wants and our needs before we engage in relationships. Yeah, we've got to come in perfect. The relationship should be the vessel with which we make mistakes, which we explore the world. We try new things with someone else, with the safety and comfort and partnership of another person. This idea that you have to enter your relationship and say, I know fully who I am. I want you to know fully who you are. How boring. Yeah, just say how boring. And where are you guys going together? Yeah. Nowhere. There's nothing to be improved upon. I can't learn anything from you because I'm perfect and you're perfect and you're going to learn anything from me. Yeah. And the more we wait, so more and more people are waiting and waiting and waiting. So we're delaying relationships. We have over 100 million singles in the United States today. So we've got over a third of the adult population. That's not necessarily a bad thing. Some of people have very happy things. There's 40 percent in the book, you say. Yeah. And a lot of people were happy single and enjoying single but so many that we study and hear from are struggling with sort of moving in and out of relationships. Well, if you're waiting for everything to be perfect, that's a losing game. It's not going to happen. Yeah. Oh, the last thing I want to talk about in the Kinsey is the Kinsey scale. That's the other thing. Yeah, we got the address. Because I think prior to this work, we thought there were three brackets basically. Yeah. So one of the great interventions from Dr. Kinsey in the first book was the Kinsey scale and that was thinking about sexual orientation on a continuum. I think he thought about it that way because he was a biologist because in the natural world, everything's on a continuum. There's always variation. It's the ingredient that an evolutionist needs to do their work, that there's variation of trait and it selects them on that variation. So this idea that sexual orientation was a continuum at the time they argued zero to sex, exclusively heterosexual, predominantly heterosexual, and so, definitely heterosexual. Who, what's incidentally mean? That would be every now and then. Young people today would say like heteroflexible, right? This idea that you primarily heterosexual or the reverse, primarily homosexual, but then you have moments of maybe fantasy or a behavior or maybe it's kissing in a bar. Like bisexual? Sort of. Bisexual is an interesting concept in term. Sometimes people think bisexual people have to equally be attracted to men and women. That's not true. In fact, studies show that very few people are equally attracted to both men and women. Some whether we use bisexual or some folks prefer other terms or so much new terminology on how we think about our sexual orientations. Some people use pansexual. They all have somewhat different definitions. So bisexual is this idea that you're attracted to men and women. Yeah, pansexual is you're attracted to people not with regard to a particular gender or sex. So it's sort of like bisexuality. Sound very similar, but. That's an easy distinction for me to make. It's like, I'm attracted to guys in this way and I'm attracted to women in this way. Versus the male female thing isn't even a part of the attraction. Yeah, it's more like compassionate people. For the sake of the people. Yeah, yeah, like yeah. Yeah, yeah. It's not like I'm in the mood for this or that. Yeah, well, though if it's really smart people, then we say you're a sapiosexual, right? So there's also a sapiosexual. So there's a sapiosexual. Is that what you are, Monica? Sapiosexual. Yeah, I love that. Yeah, I actually have. Yeah. So, Kinsey started this idea that we could think about sexual orientation and. Again, he wasn't thinking about identity and the initial studies, they were looking at behavior. So that continuum was based on how many male partners you had, how many female partners you had, how many male fantasies, female fantasies. And the researchers assigned people zero through six. Today we would do a study, we might use the zero to six scale and you pick what you are, but at the time it was a taxonomy. - And can I dare ask, what did that average out to? - And when you look at the distributions, a majority would fall in the exclusively heterosexual. What we saw then and what we see even more now is some great work from Rich Seven Williams at Cornell University was looking at the mostly heterosexuals. And we're seeing more and more people who are falling in that category. And it's why you'll see reports for young people, like today's youth is queerer than ever. And what we're seeing as young people are more and more of them are identifying as bisexual, pansexual queer, LGBTQ in this broad sense. Part of that is this flexibility piece. They might primarily be heterosexual in their behavior and in aspects of their identity, but we're seeing more flexibility, more openness to testing the boundaries of who they are and what they want. - Yeah, like maybe even they haven't engaged in any behavior that's heterosexual, but they're just like, but I don't wanna say I'm exclusively this because I don't know. - Yeah, you're absolutely right. And then fast when you look at the data of vast majority who identify as queer haven engaged in any same sex basis. - Right, it's interesting. - I feel compelled to repeat my favorite joke I've heard recently on the show English Teacher. Our lead identifies as gay. He goes to meet his female friend's new fiance and he immediately goes like, this guy is gay. She's about to marry a gay guy and it's driving him nuts and they're at a party and finally he can front to the guy. And the guy goes, no, no, I'm 80% gay and 20% by. And he goes, so you're 10% straight. - Yeah. (laughing) - But there's 10% there. - Yeah. - Well, that was like the interview Barry Dillard did not long ago, right? And they said he's attracted to his wife, but if it weren't for her, that'd be his attracted to men, right? - Well, that was something that is attraction to his wife. It was targeted to a particular person. - Yeah, that's interesting. - That's the beauty and I think the messiness of our romantic and sexual lives. This is a particular person at a time and a place. - There's an incredible comedian named Rob McElhenny and his mother ended up marrying another woman. He was talking to his mom about it and she said about her partner, oh, she's gay as hell. - She's like, she's gay. - She's gay. - Yeah, she's the only one, I like her, but that's the only one. - Yeah, she's gay as well. - I'm not a lesbian, I'm just in love with baby. - Yeah, yeah, yeah. - Yeah. - So interesting. - I have a colleague, not the institute, who is trans. And what's interesting is she's been with her spouse since before the transition. So initially she was a man married to a woman. She transitioned, now she's a woman. And we often talk about the experience of trans people and how their relationships change and their sexuality is often as a part of that change. We don't often talk about their partners if they're in long-term relationships. So her partner is she a lesbian now, right? - Exactly, these are the questions. - Yeah, and in that case, we was all sorts of arguments about sexual orientation is actually a little less stable than gender identities. There is some flexibility and it could be targeted to that person. You might say, well, I'm not attracted to women, but I'm attracted to you and I love you. - Yeah. - And I think for me, that's a story of how parabons of love relationships can have this incredible power of dictating our sexual life. - Yeah. - I hate to say I'm curious about this, but I am. I am curious how more frequently a trans woman's partner is fine with that transition versus a trans man's partner. - Interesting, I don't know. - I think the social pressure in homophobia towards men is stronger. I just wonder if that would be, I don't know, just curious. - And that's couched in a lot of different things, particularly in our society, it's a history of HIV and AIDS. I mean, there's a lot of stuff that goes into that cultural pressure. - Yes. - But it is there. - There's also for lesbian women too, but there have been quite a few studies from folks who study gender and sexuality that look at that, that look there. There's some unique stigma that gay men face and in their relationships. And then how those relationships are supposed to look, this pressure of like, are they supposed to be roles? - That's different. And sometimes in heterosexual couples we fall into gender roles. Now, they change in all sorts of ways. As many of us know in our home lives, the gender roles are not often what you necessarily think they should be in all sorts of ways. - Right. Okay, let's get into it. I mean, we haven't even gotten, I had some. - There's so many questions before. - That's so fascinating. - I've had too much fun. - We got into the intimate animal, but I do want to dress one thing and I'm going to speed through to you and you really have to only answer the last, which is I imagine that this field in general probably struggled to be taken seriously. And I wonder how hard it was to attract great researchers because it seemed like a perverted pursuit. Did we lose a bunch? But mostly, I want to go into why we're so uncomfortable. I mean, there's religion, of course. Do you have any other theory on why this topic? It's like tied with money is something that is like so impossible for everyone to talk about. I have my armchair theories, but I'm curious if you know, data wise, why this is the impossible topic for people. - And I'm curious what your theories are 'cause I think there's good as all of them. - I think our deepest insecurity is sex that we will not be enough for our partner who we love and that we'll be incomplete in that way. And I guess because again, we don't know how good everyone. I can watch someone play basketball and I can rank myself. If I see my wife's ex boyfriend and I look at him, I have no way to understand. His competency is still a guess of mine. So it's like, A, we don't know where and where social creatures who are obsessed with status and hierarchy. So where am I in this group? It's impossible for me to know. I'm scared, I'm terrible. And I just don't even want to fucking talk about it. That's one of my theories. - Yeah, and we put this pressure of an outcome on our sexual activity. So you engage in sex with your spouse and you're saying, well, did I have pleasure? Did you have pleasure? Was this reproductive sex? Was it conceptive sex? Did we make a baby this time? How was the pleasure? Did you get the kind of pleasure you wanted? Was there any pain? And was that what you wanted? And maybe you want all of it. And was that what you wanted yesterday? Is it what you wanted today? So we put all this pressure on ourselves in terms of, are we having the kind of sex that we want to be having? - So for now, she's been talking recently with you know, these reductions in sexual frequencies, you know, maybe part of the issue is our Americans, in particular, having the sex that they want to be having right now. And that happens all the time. That's not necessarily a new problem, but it does mean that there's a lot of pressure in terms of how we think about our sex. That pressure's a little bit different in a hookup or a casual sex encounter or sex with a sex worker because there's something else going on. We did a study on hookups and your expected outcomes. And we found that women in particular had very low expectations of orgasm and pleasure and an uncommitted sex 'cause they don't necessarily have the ingredients that we know we're associated with. - Communication. - Communication, often there's a lot of alcohol and drugs and casual sex, particularly for young people and college campuses. Don't necessarily know the person that well, there's not a lot of communication, there's often not a lot of foreplay, but it was the experience. So it wasn't that they didn't want the sex, it's just that they're expected outcome from it wasn't necessarily what we think. Now in a relationship, you look at your partner and you go, is that what you want? Is that what I want? Is that what we want? Where we're going with it? Is this about building our relationship? Is this just about having fun? 'Cause it's a rainy Sunday. Is it 'cause we're trying to reproduce? So there's a lot of pressure that goes into it. And some of that pressure comes from sometimes religious sources or cultural sources. 'Cause in the back of our mind, we're thinking about, okay, let's say you do want to start a family, you're thinking, okay, sex is for reproduction. I have this biblical thing I'm supposed to be able to do. What if we can't do it? What if it doesn't work the first time? The first month, the first six months? Well, welcome to many people today who are trying to conceive. There's weight that sits on our sexual lives. And then this other question of, is it better than a former partner? Is it better than what you watched on your TV binge? There's a lot of expectations that we have about our intimate lives. Now, I think that's true both for the sex part and for the love part. So we have a lot of expectations about what is an argument supposed to look like? What is saying I love you supposed to look like? What is a kiss supposed to look like? What is cuddling supposed to look? Some of it is from movies, pornography, or I've just looked at some data yesterday that looking at the behaviors, for instance, and typical pornography that you see high rates of women experiencing pleasure. But from behaviors that we know actually very few women associate with pleasure. Then you go and try it in your real life. And you go, "Oh, that didn't work. You didn't like that." But I just watched a hundred clips of people really like this. This woman could not stop orgasming with the same. You're broken. Yeah. And we forget the part of sex for most people in our lives is it can be passionate. It could be fun. It could be funny. It could be silly. It could be smelly. It could be noisy. It could hurt your back. It could hurt your hips. You know, you pull your hair out. There's all sorts of fumbling that happens in our sexual lives that we don't talk about that. Right. But we talk about all this stuff. We talk about orgasm rates. And we talk about all these particular positions. And we can go on social media and find hundreds of things. And some of it is advice. But so little of that advice gets into the real nitty-gritty. When we study people's intimate lives, what's the real nitty-gritty of the kids are sleeping? And you know, you've got the half hour and you can't make too much noise. Or you want to have sex with your partner, but the apartment is just so hot. And you can kind of let it cool down. Yeah, if you already have a hard time reaching orgasm, add footsteps in your house to the mix. And the vague threat that someone's coming through the door. Even if you've logged it, why is the door locked? They just add that. I love that because a little bit of stress, a little bit of risk, it can be-- It could be people like-- Exciting. Yeah, yeah. That's why I remember the first time I taught a sexuality course, a student in my class said, Professor, why is sex in a car feel so much better? And I thought, like, I was like, well, that's a loaded question. Yeah. And I also thought, like, I'm over six foot tall. That's a tough question. [LAUGHTER] And then this idea that a little bit of risk or being caught can be exciting. But too much risk, too much stress, you actually get a different reaction. The nervous system responds differently. One of the things I've said, and I mentioned it in the book, in other places, when we look at the natural world, We don't. C2 gazelle mating in front of a lion. And when our stress response is so ramped up, but you're in a burning building, you're probably gonna not stop and make out with your partner. - Yeah. - But a little bit of stress, someone could walk in, the elevator door could open, a parking could find you in your car. That can be arousing, but too much the nervous system then goes into a different response. You sort of go into the flight response. - Now you're in the amygdala. - This isn't a real-- - You can't do it from there. - Yeah, it's also not conducive to social behaviors. We were talking earlier about how mating and love and sex are a part of sociality. You're also not stopping to have a conversation in front of a lion or in front of a burning building. So part of what Steve Porges, my colleague of the Kinsy Institute, calls neuroception. For the brain to be able to engage in social activity, you need some degree of safety. And that's true for love and sex too. So part of all this messiness of sexual experience, this sounds and the smells and the feelings, is do you feel safe with the person you're having it with to explore all that together, to laugh through that together, to cry through that together? - That's why it's so intimate, 'cause it is messy. - Okay, so we start your book, finally, ding, ding, ding, ding, the intimate animal, the science of sex, fidelity, and why we live and die for love. You start by going with some colleagues to prompt Nevada to visit some brothels. And I think you're probably intending to study one thing and then the menu of options gets your attention. - Yeah, I was in Las Vegas because we were collecting hormone samples on the legal sex club in Vegas as one does when you're just on the road. And I mean, hormone samples is quite-- - I know. - Well, because there had been studies on the hormonal responses to sexual activity, but you get these laboratory effects. We were in a non-laboratory setting. - Yeah. - Yeah. - And you just draw blood after-- - We did saliva. We did salivary testosterone and eschrodial eschrodial. And that's what first brought us to Vegas. Then we decided to take the trip an hour out to Perump in the middle of the desert. And there's quite literally a menu. A woman who is giving us a tour takes us through and I was so drawn to the last item, which was the most expensive item. I call it the white whale. - $20,000. - And you instantly think, well, what is that? What is it involved? - I'm thinking of murder. - Yeah. (laughing) - Yeah, what kind of like go or the handcuffs made of silver. - You get to take that to go, the handcuffs, that. - Is it longer like multiple people? And it turned out that the most expensive thing that people could purchase at a legal brothel was intimacy. - The girlfriend experience. - Oh my god. - So the most money you could spend was couching your sexual event in terms of pretend intimacy. So you would sit down, you'd get dinner, there was champagne, you had a table, you would be at the cabana on the other side of the pool, you went on a date and typically sex would also be involved but you were couching all of it in terms of this relationship. - Oh my god. - And it was this idea that if you hit it big then Vegas and you go out here not just for an hour or something, wow, that was on the menu too. People were doing that, but the most expensive thing, the thing that was really desired was couching that sex and this sort of relationship activity. - Oh my gosh. And are you pretending like you already know each other or is it like first date, like they're getting, I don't understand, you know what I mean? - You're gonna have to pony up the 20K and find out. (laughing) - That should have been your Christmas present. - First days are bad enough. (laughing) I'm having a paid 20,000. - Wow. - Yeah and you say, I mean if we could just define quickly what we're talking about, the intimacy is in a nutshell, the experience of closeness of feeling and being seen, heard and known. - Yeah. - And the other thing I wanted to read that I wrote down is we might not even recognize the need for intimacy as a biological drive perhaps because it lives in the shadow of our other primal urge, our sex drive. So these are like distinct compartments of us both essential and evolutionary. And so through this, you introduce this term, intimacy crisis that we're in a intimacy crisis. So how do we come to that conclusion? Other than the 20,000-dollar price tag, which is a pretty good clue. - I don't know what to do. - Yeah and in places like, I think Japan maybe or some places, you just like go and you pay to cuddle. - Yeah. - Yeah. - What's that look? - No, it's like, it makes me so sad. But I also get it. - Yeah, I almost did a study a few years ago, cuddle parties and I was also gonna collect hormones and we'll see. - You fucking weirdo. - Yeah. - You're a hormone kid everywhere you go. - Right here's something funny. Like can I get a cheek swathe for some so a lot of fun? Now my friends have to tell me, like leave your kid in the trunk of the next cocktail party. And so there's these different things popping up all over the world. There's cuddle parties, there's serigates. I mean there's sex serigates, see what you're often trained professionals often work with people with disabilities on sexual activity. But then there's also these kind of cuddle serigates through people who are just cuddling. When we start to look around, there's all these little pieces of evidence that I think are telling us. So we talk a lot about this loneliness, epidemic, and a lot of studies showing psychological loneliness in studies. And one researcher suggests that psychological loneliness is as bad for your health as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. There's that. But for me that wasn't enough, because I thought, well how is it that we're talking about the psychological loneliness, but so many people, we have a lot of connections. We have a lot of people around. How can you be lonely in a crowd? The answer for me was about, it was the type of relationships we had. So the depth of the connections we had, and that's where intimacy comes in, that people weren't feeling heard and seen and loved. Known to me is the most operative word. Yeah. God, do we want to be known? Sometimes psychiatrists talk about being witnessed and this idea that, right? Like we want someone to know. So we know we exist. That's the kind of evidence that we existed. Yeah. And vice versa, we want to know someone. I think one of the things in relationships is we want someone to know us and we want to know them. One of the deepest prides you can have, or at least speaking for myself, to even know someone better than they know themselves sometimes is a very rewarding feeling. And I think a lot of partners know each other better than they know themselves. Yeah. But before I was traveling, I put out my wife's vitamins and I texted her this morning. I said, "Don't forget to take your vitamins." Oh, she said it's sweet. I saw them. Thank you. Yeah. So I just know she'll forget, which is okay. And I do things that she feels it. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. It's copiulating, man. But do we feel like that can happen in not sexual or romantic relationships? Yeah. And I think that's where things get complicated and where we struggle to sort of make sense of these relationships that we can have close parents and children or best friends or siblings. We can have really close relationships with people we trust. And trust is a sort of a key component. It's a key component of romantic relationships, too, that we often don't talk enough about how important trust is. So we know we can have trust in relationships and that we crave that trust and that connection. Those are in our social, maybe what we'll call friendships, right, these sort of social relationships, attachment, bonding, types of relationships. Yeah. And then we can have these sexual relationships where we're attracted to someone and the sort of lust systems are going on. And then we have these attraction, passionate love systems. And it's really both. So if you talk to people who are passionately in love, yes, they have the sexual desire for their partner, but they also have a deep friendship with their partner. They can exist in isolation, but the special sauce that I think so many people are looking for that they desire in their relationships is that combination. Can I have someone that I'm both attracted to and feel this sense of lust and someone I feel I can really trust? Sometimes those two systems are in conflict with each other. Right. As you say, we are socially monogamous creatures, kind of, in general. And we are not necessarily sexually monogamous. So there's quite a bit of tension there. So yeah, break down the differences between those two. So when we compare ourselves to the other primates we were talking about or other organisms, only about 3% of mammals engage in this so-called social monogamy, form intense pair bonds. If we're talking about mammals in general, we would use expressions like mutual territory, defense, mutual nest building, dual parental care. So we engage in those behaviors, about 15% of primates. And humans we would call that romantic love, this bonded relationship. Now, often we talk about monogamy, people just talk about monogamy, but for biologists there's two different mechanisms when we talk about monogamy. They're social monogamy, which is the relationship structure, that territory, defense, nest building, caretaking, support of each other. Kind of all that, a shared identity. There's something about that shared identity. Yeah, there's one psychological study called the inclusion of the other in self. And you can actually take these two circles and you can ask couples as they get closer together where they start to overlap more. And often in long term loving relationships you have a shared sense of self, you have the "we". I also think it's why it's so important when we think about relationships, when we think about the science of relationships, and also just functionally how we have healthy and satisfying relationships. One of the things that's really helpful for me is to recognize there's three entities in every relationship. There's me, there's you, there's us. And sometimes they all have different things. Sometimes the us needs something that, I don't really want right now, maybe you don't even really want right now, but for our relationship, our life, to be what we want, we're thinking about that. And there's always at any given time, is you, there's me, there's us in our relationship. - Yeah, for me, it's like crazy pronounced in a very rare way, which is, I am me, I'm an actor, I go do things, I might be in commercials by myself and then my wife is that thing. And then there's the us in a commercial, which is a very specific thing and it's not either of us independently, but I think rarely does someone experience like something so dramatic and obviously a shared identity, which is like there's this other category. If you call to hire us, it's like, what do you want, do you want Kristen, do you want tax or do you want them? I don't know, it's unique. - Yeah. (upbeat music) - Stay tuned for more of our Chair Expert. If you dare. (upbeat music) - For biologists when we talk about monogamy, we talk about, social monogamy, the parabond, and then sexual monogamy, which is fidelity. And few species that engage in social monogamy are always sexually monogamous. Because there is often an evolutionary advantage to having some diversity among your offspring. But if you're socially monogamous, attaining that diversity often comes at the cost of damaging your relationship in your parabond, there's this tension between a desire for sexual novelty and sexual variation and excitement. And at the same time, the safety and comfort of the long-term relationship bond. So I think that when we think of everything from being single and first dating and starting a relationship, maintaining a relationship, finding love again, if you fall out of a relationship, that the tension between those two forces, that desire for a long-term bond and that desire for novelty, that explains a lot of the ups and downs of our relationships, a lot of the challenges. And it's rooted in something fundamental for biologists who study social behavior and mating. It's that when we talk about these issues of monogamy, there's two different things. What are we talking about? Yeah, are you talking about sexual fidelity or are you talking about a relationship structure? Yeah. Now, the relationship one tries to impose the other, which is interesting. If you're in sexual relationship with someone, we see this in the Friends of Benefits studies that often people want it to turn into a long-term relationship. Your relationship with someone you often expect there to be. Not always. We've done studies on consensual non-monogamy. And I'd argue it's gotten only blurrier over the last 70 years, where marriages were primarily a social structure to create children and support a woman in the man worked in all these dynamics. Whereas now you are more and more to independent people choosing to be together that don't need one another, I just feel like that complicates it even further. There's kind of two things that are going on that are wild. On the one hand, we don't need resources from partners in the same way. So not as many women are marrying because they need male breadwinner providing. Which again, this is brand new for humans. Yeah. And we went from we needed a whole extended family to not die. To, oh, we could get this done with five people. So now you can get it done individually. Yeah. All so radically different for our society. It's been pair bonding for over four million years. And now suddenly this idea that how this looks is so different that on the one hand we're saying, okay, you might be forming these pairbons, but what you want to get out, what you need to get out of them is different. On the other hand, we also see what Eli Finkel calls the all-or-nothing marriage or the suffocation model of marriage, the academic term. It's that you can turn to your partner and you say, I want everything in this one person. Esther talks about this a lot. Yeah. Take care of me when I'm sick and then want to have sex with me the next morning. And then make me laugh and make me intellectually stimulated. And I'm doing this triangle on my lab because I'm thinking about the Maslow's hierarchy, right? And you want your partner to fill up that whole pyramid. And that's not realistic because you just set yourself up for constant disappointment as opposed to having the village, opposed to having friends and family and the community. We have expectations of partners that are often unrealistic today. But that includes in these domains of when we think about this tension between social and sexual monogamy, that tension looks a little bit different in the modern world. We're saying, okay, I want to have this person. I want to have this intense love bond with this person. And I don't want to share it with anyone else. You're saying about your partner, but then your partner is saying, I want to have everything. I want to have this intense love bond with you too, but I want to also go experience the world. Yeah, so I will never be able to ask someone that would better be able to answer this question, but I'm so curious. And we got, of course, defined better. I know there's a very tricky word, but I'm always so curious. What is better for long-term outcome for it to be in private and secret, or to try to attempt to have some arrangement? Like this thing exists. We know statistically many, many people are not faithful, I guess, or whatever term you want to use. And I just wonder what's one supposed to work better? When I see people attempt the latter, which is like, we're going to open it up. I mean, I definitely see some pretty predictable outcomes of that. And then you go like, oh, I want to have this better in France, or it's just like, it's a secret, and it's this. Do we know which approaches better? Those outcomes are also clear. People find out and they get divorced. Mm-hmm. Yeah. Well, no, like, was it mid-Aran's mistress came to the funeral? Like, there's these famous cases in France, or it's like, the mistress is at the funeral, no one gives a shit, and it's like, oh, wow, that's culturally different. When we look at those cases, they don't necessarily represent most of a population. So sometimes we're looking at cases of people with a lot of resources or celebrity status, or who kind of occupy a different role in the sort of social scene that things are tolerated differently. So often, I'll have historians say to me, well, you know, you talk about the biology of love, but in the middle ages, people got married for land, except peasants. Peasants always married for love, because their families didn't have land to swap. So you're talking about a certain sect of society. And trying to blanket statement the entire group. But let's see the goal. Yeah. Does this want to answer you? Well, let's see the goal. Let's see. Stay in the pair bonding for life. And then you know there's going to be infidelity. What approach yields a better result? One, this question of life. Should your relationship be for life? One of the things I'm curious about is a lot of people set that as their metric for success. I remember I ended up in a relationship with someone years ago, and I said it was a great run. Like, what kind of thing? Sure. I was like, yeah, I was like, no, I mean, it wasn't good. I'm not piegapal, okay? Why do you mean you run a good run? We're both crying. But it was like, you know, that's a good run. Yeah, yeah. Okay, so yeah, let's unpack this. So there's a question of better. I don't think infidelity is inevitable for all couples. Right. I think there's some couples that experience it, struggle with it. And there's two ways we can think of sexual encounters outside of a relationship. I paused on saying sexual encounters, because sometimes it's emotional. Sometimes there's other kinds of infidelity. So one is this case of infidelity, and that's where it's not allowed. We have an expectation in our relationship or our marriage that it's us that we're socially and sexually immunogamous. Someone steps outside that. That's a transgression. It's a violation of the relationship. And there's all sorts of stuff that ends up happening, right? There's shame, family gets involved. Sometimes lawyers get involved. Because what's happened is there's been betrayal for the contract that you had. I don't mean a legal marriage. In some cases, yes, it's really about that's not what we were doing. That's not what we agreed to. Yeah, yeah. And that can be really hard to overcome in a relationship. Because it's viewed as how many rules do we have for our relationship? And if this is one of the few, and you've broken it, so the issue with infidelity is really about trust. Yes. And some couples will work through to try and get over that and work through it. And that could be a challenge. Remember talking to one couple who he had cheated on his wife 20 years ago. They were dating at the time. They were in college at the time. When they got in a really bad argument, she would still say, you're a cheater. Instead, it was 20 years. So I want to get back to Monica's point. But also, Tex, who you said, you encapsulated an enormous amount of literature on infidelity and everything you just explained. That's that there are dozens of studies that look at sex differences in responses to infidelity. And we know that on average, men are more upset by sexual infidelity. They're more concerned with this idea that than heterosexual cases, men are upset that their female partners are having sex with other people. Evolutionary argument is what if they have a kid that's not theirs? It's genetically not theirs. That infidelity results in siring offspring. Women on average are more upset by their husbands having sex with other women. And this idea that the husbands will end the relationship. Remember, in a context like we were saying earlier, in a historical context, where women were more dependent on resources. Yeah. So we used to say that men were more upset by sexual infidelity, women were upset by emotional infidelity. And in fact, they were more concerned with those suites of issues. But then there were a series of studies that started to question those findings. And they said, well, what about if we gave people a third option in all these studies and said, I'm equally upset by both? And what you find is that underneath that, underneath that, that men are asking questions about sex. Women are asking questions about emotional connection. That they were actually upset about the same thing. And that's that each assumed, when women were saying, well, I'm concerned about this emotional infidelity and the connection. But then came, because you're having all this sex with this person you're connected to. And when men said, I'm concerned about this sex and how good were they, how big were they? Because you're in love with that guy that you're having sex with because he's delivering all these things. I guess it's like they both have fear of being left. And then what mechanism are they focusing on that will drive them? Yeah, the rationale for it. So we know that infidelity can be really devastating for couples. And some get over it, many do. We did a study on motivations for infidelity, though. And I think this was really helpful for us to better understand what was going on. And there's what's called the deficit model of infidelity. And that's that people think that you engage in infidelity because your relationship, there's a deficit. It's not enough. We did a new study fairly recently. We found eight different reasons. And almost none of them had to do with deficit issues. A lot of it was situational. And so I often think about how people will sometimes say, well, how do I prevent infidelity in my relationship? How do I do to protect my relationship? I travel a lot for work. You guys travel a lot for again. I think if you know that you don't want to engage in infidelity, don't put yourself in situations that are challenging to-- Yeah, you're trying to stay off crack. Don't swing by a crack house. Exactly. You want to think we have the capacity with these big prefrontal cortexes to think about our relationships. And think about how do we protect them? How do we-- Safeguard it on. Safeguard is a perfect way to say it. And that could be, you know, don't go out dancing to three in the morning. You want to try to preserve your married? Yeah. Doesn't mean you can't. I'm sure people are going to say, oh, I'm entitled to go out with my friends. You are. Everyone. So I'll do whatever you want. Sure. When we think about what are maybe the unexpected challenges to our relationships, we know that a lot of infidelity is situational and unexpected. One study of men who committed infidelity more than half of them said, I wasn't this kind of guy. I think it was two thirds that if you would ask me a year ago, I would say I'd never commit infidelity. I'm not that kind of guy. All right, well, what happened? And it's often not the relationship. More often than not in our studies, it was something about situations people were putting themselves. Yeah, context. Again, we have this illusion of being in a movable self that doesn't change. We are who we are everywhere we're at. And we know for certain work, completely different people everywhere we're at. So it's like, yeah, the person that made that declaration sitting in that environment was truthful. Yeah. And then the other person was in this situation. All of a sudden, we've got a little different shade of the self. Exactly. And I still haven't answered your question. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah. So that's the part of infidelity. Then the other part of this story is what we would call consensual non-monogamy or open relationships. And I use the term cautiously. I'm picturing my friend Dr. Wednesday Martin saying right now, don't use consensual non-monogamy Kishel-Largu, who's consenting to it really. But the term C&M is sort of the contemporary term for open relationship and umbrella for everything from swinging to an open marriage. Consensual non-monogamy is the term in the academic literature a lot. Some people will use negotiated non-monogamy, bunch of different terms that we could use. But I think it's a good point that Wednesday brings up, or both partners really consenting to this and it makes an assumption about open marriages. And is the third person consenting? Yeah. And sometimes they don't even know. We found in one of our studies in a national sample and we replicated it, it was about 20% of Americans have at some point had an open relationship of themselves. No kidding, that's mine. That's why. Because I've been very public about having been in an open relationship for nine years. And I think I'm the only person who ever heard say that out loud. And that's insane. I would have guessed I was one of 300. A lot experienced it very short term and wafen when they're young. This is bowed well for how well they work. Well, that's the answer. So we know that about a quarter you nailed it. We know that about 21% of them being exact and our studies found that they have tried this, but how many are actively in it and that number is less than 5%, which suggests that. Yeah. And it works. I'd love to hear how you frame it too. It takes a different kind of work. It does. And I think the structure is so incredibly important with how successful it'll be. ours was very successful. I mean, nine years we lived together. We slept in the same bed every night together. We had a wonderful life together. And I don't think that was necessarily the big reason we broke up. But what I can admit to immediately is for me, the sexual relationship and a long-term relationship is so challenging and requires so much vulnerability and so much communication that if you can be satiated in the much easier way, it's going to be hard to not pursue that and lacks on the servicing of your primary relationship. If I had to say the biggest downside of it all was we probably did not work on our own sexual relationship. The way we would have had we been monogamous. Because there were these other outlets. It's easier. I don't have to be vulnerable. I don't have to say this doesn't work for me. I don't have to worry about hurting your feelings. Those are all hard things. And if I have an easier option, I'm a lazy human. I'm going to do that. I would actually argue that it's work. I think that there's a lot that goes into trying to do that in a society that that's not the typical way we structure our relationships. There's a lot of emotional, mental work. And we can look at different pieces of folks who have open relationships, but also cultures where people have multiple marriages and multiple spouses. It takes a lot of negotiation. And even in those cases, when we look at societies, now there's certain religious groups that have, but when you look at societies where let's say men can have multiple wives or the few that women can have multiple husbands, there's often a lot of rules about how you think about, okay, I got a gift for this spouse. I have to get a gift for that spouse. I had sex with this one. I have sex with that one. When we look at open relationships, there's something called compersion that can happen, is that you have new partners that enter the picture and you focus so much on that one. And as you can forget about cultivating the relationship, but for me, what's so insightful about when we look at open relationships, for me, it reconfers this argument about social and sexual monogamy because at its core, what we see more often than not, not for everyone, but more often than not, is trying to negotiate around a primary relationship. Now, some people, like people who are polyamorous would argue that they have multiple love bonds. What I see in practice when we look at the data is that people are often negotiating around primary relationships. And I think that those people that are really able to do it differently, I'm convinced that their brains work a little bit differently, not broken, just different. So you're saying you think in poly relationships, for the most part, even though it's stated, these are all equal relationships, mostly they're not. Yeah, so I think when people talk about poly in the broad sense, now when you actually go to a poly community, they'll often say, no, that's not really how it works. But when we talk about it probably, there's this sense that it's equal love for everyone. In some ways, that's hard for the human brain. So once psychologists define romantic love, they use expressions like obsessive thought, intrusive thinking, focused attention. It's pretty darn hard to have that for multiple people. Right. Not just going from day to day to have it, but just to try to carry that at any time. So what we really see when we kind of look under the hood a little bit, and that these relationships is there's often a primary, or you'll see people will say, well, I have three spouses, or I have three relationships, but it's Veronica who I'm with for 20 years. She's the one I really go to when I'm in trouble. Right. Or it's Bill who he really understands. If I'm sad, it's only Bill that can kind of get me out of that. There's something unique about a pair bond. And I think in cases of polyamory and less so in sexually open relationships where it's just having other sex partners. But in poly, it's not that there's not pair bonding. Is it there's a series of pair bond? Right. But there's often one, I would argue, there's a hierarchy. There's some people who disagree with me, but that's what we're seeing in a lot of our research. I think that's like a question, Vaskin on the Bachelor all the time. Can you be in love with two people at once? A lot of people have different answers on that. But I kind of think maybe a research suggests no. There are people who can, I think for the vast majority of people, it's pretty darn hard to be romantically in love with more than one person at a time. Again, it's all about context. Or all three of you living together? Yeah. That would be very expressed, in my opinion, that hierarchy. Are you in China half the year and in Russia half the year and you have a partner in China and you have a partner in Russia? I do think that might be equal. It's like you're kind of in two different monogamous relationships. Relationship? I mean, functionally, this is what you said, this sort of don't ask to untel. Some of that we see are when couples are physically separated. Also, if you're on the road a lot for work, because part of what we also know is that our mammalian ancestry desires is physical touch and connection. So when you can't get that from your primary partner, you might say, well, you're the one I go to with all my secrets. You're the one who I have this deep bond with. You're the one who I love. But I also have this other stuff that I need. Yeah, I want to eat at Houston's, but if there's not one in the town, I'm in, I'll go to the next best state house, you know? Yeah. But again, next best. I think that's sort of the whole point is like that's next best. And then, you know, if it's like push comes to shove your jobs in China and Russia, they all go away. You have to pick a place. You're going to pick that primary relationship. Yeah, where are you going to eat? Where are you going to put your head down at night? Yeah, yeah. Exactly. People are trying to navigate this. Now, when you're in certain cultural systems that permit it, that's different. But what's interesting is even in cultures where people can have multiple spouses, a vast majority, some of the anthropological evidence suggests about 85% of people still partner off socially monogamous. Wow. Even if it's permissible, it's not something that's done by everyone. Yeah. If you look at hunting and gathering societies, you are generally probably pair bonded with someone of the same status. And then you might have had multiple wives that were lower status. There would be a social status hierarchy among the wives, which is fascinating. Yeah. It's interesting you bring up this point of status because we also know that that goes a lot into both trying to choosing partners and trying to maintain partnerships. And does your status change over time? There is a study out of the University of Michigan that when people are on dating platforms, that they often look for a partner that's 25% higher in mate value. Researchers assign mate value to. So we kind of punch above our weight. Sure. Why not? Shoot for the stars. Exactly. This is a context where you all should be aspirational. But there comes a point when you want to say, okay, you've been aspirational. You also have to get realistic about mating is a market. You bring a bunch of different things to the table. And it could be your physical traits, your intellectual traits. It could be financial resources. I think that's fine. I've often had people ask me, well, how do I know that they love me and it's not my money? Or what if it's just the sex? Or if they're a fan of the show? Yeah, exactly. And they walk it all the time. So you wandered into an argument. So she has a rules you would never date a fan of the show. Is that a rule? I'm just not attracted to that. My two points are like, hey, you're not a character on a TV show. They're actually seeing you, which is already like, I can see where you're the lead of a karate film and someone falls in love. And you're like, yeah, you're not that. You're not that kind of a pro-general. - No. - It's not a nut. It's like a normal person who likes the show. - Yeah. - Well, he's attracted to Monica. - It's not a hard line. He made it a hard. He's. No, if they lead with I'm such a fan, that is a harder thing for me to overcome. But it doesn't mean it can't happen. It's just like, okay, because it really is like, yes, you know me. You don't. You think you do. You know a lot about me. You know a lot of things about me, but as we talked about earlier, knowing someone, really, really knowing someone is not. - So is that maybe part of the trigger? Is they coming with the familiarity that they know you? But you're like, I haven't allowed you to know me. - Not to mention, I don't know you. So immediately it's like, there's a weird imbalance. - Embalance. - And yeah, there's an over-familiarity. that comes from them obviously. - You feel vulnerable. They know all these things that you don't. You don't even. - Yeah, they're talking to me. Like we've been on 84 days and like, I don't know anything about you. - Are you immortal? - I'm not ready to talk to you about I don't know, it's complicated. - So what if, I have a thought exercise? So what if not, I'm a fan of the show, but I had to, you know that episode, three weeks ago, I heard what you said, and it was really thoughtful. And I thought you brought up some points that I had never heard anyone else bring out. - That's much better. - Tip to listeners. - Yeah, but part, one of the programs that Monica's information is available. - So this idea that one of the things we know, we tend to be attracted to the people that we think are attracted to us. So it's actually one of the strongest things that, - Oh, that is not how I am. - Well, but in long-term relationships, it's why it's really important to let your partner know. Sometimes we can get in a routine and we just say like, of course I'm attracted. I live with you. - It does. - But to really wake up and say, you know, whatever that attraction is, if it's physical, you look beautiful, you look handsome, you're so smart. - Yeah, I'm amazing. - But, - And dating, yeah, those affirmations and early dating can be important of letting someone know why you like them. - Yes. - Yes. - And I think that there's a difference, right? - That's fair. - I followed you. I'm a fan, and I don't know that we want fans in our relationship. - Exactly. - Well, we don't. - Did they hear you? Back to what you said earlier. Did they witness what you were saying? - I agree with you. You shouldn't be a fan of your partner. I get asked this all the time in interviews. Like, you must be so blown away. And I'm like, no, I don't look at my wife like you do. And I don't think that would be healthy. But I admire her in her respect, or, okay, I generally do a much better job at servicing people's book. And your book is phenomenal. But I think the easiest way for me to lay this out is I think the way you design the chapters says a lot. 'Cause it goes in progression, my estimation, of a relationship. - Yeah. - So it's need, which we talked a lot about. We've talked a lot about evolution and biology. Crave, search, date, mate, nest, stray, break, care, and love again. This is like the full gamut of what we could expect when exploring intimacy. And so I guess, is there of any of those topics, one that we haven't hit that you would hope that people would know is in there? - I think for me, the reason I was so excited to write this book was when we look at all this literature, all this evidence that we have in my lab at the Kinsey Institute and the field of sex research and relationship science, and how does it all come together? And using this evolutionary lens, how does it all come together to understand that we are this intimate animal that are romantic lives. Some of the most consequential decisions we make in our life as the partners we're with, and how long we stay with them and the things we do with them, the experiences we have with them, that there is a science behind it. And if we know that science, we can enjoy it a little bit more, it could be more satisfying. We also know what to look out for. And we also know so the breakup chapter. For me, understanding this idea, the pain that comes with romantic dissolution and rejection, to understand there's a science behind it. - Yeah, tell us what that's like. - Yeah. - We'll have to end on a happier note, but I think this is an important part. - Well, you're disballing these stereotypes right out of the gates, which is like women more and longer, and they take it harder and they-- - Yeah, they're more and longer. - Men are much more likely to commit suicide after a breakup than women. - And women are more likely to end the relationship than men. - Mm-hmm. - So there are predictable patterns that we see in the academic literature and there's evidence that we see, but breakups are so intense. And actually, colleagues might put people who had just gone through a romantic dissolution into an FMRI brain scanner. - Oh yeah. - And when they look at the brain, first they see pain. When people tell you that they're experiencing heartache and they feel pain, they have physical pain. It's in the nervous system, it's in the brain. But it also looks like someone, when you show them pictures of their beloved, it looks remarkably like someone going through cocaine withdrawal. - Wow. - So this idea that when you take away a partner, even if they're the one who did the breaking up, this idea that when you separate a parapon, mother nature helped us evolve, right? These intense parapons, and they're so intense that when you try to break them, you know, you take their pound of flesh, it hurts. That is a testament to what people go through when they go through breakups. And so often we'll say, oh, just get back on that horse. Or stop talking about him or her or them. That's not necessarily good advice. And one of the things I write about in the book is I wish that we gave ourselves more grace to more in the end of a relationship. We do if someone dies, right? This seems to be culturally acceptable. If someone dies, you can more in them. You can have their picture up for a couple of years. But if you just go through a hard breakup, this idea that you're not supposed to talk about them is if you didn't have this love relationship that influenced so many things in your life. - Do you think some of this is driven by the timetable we feel like we're on? I'm in so much pain, this relationship ended it. But also I'm 29, and I gotta meet the next person within the next year so that I know I'm with them so I can start having kids. Do you think there's this pressure that makes that seem like a pragmatic and smart decision to just keep it moving? - Yeah, so we do know that there are patterns depending on age. So when you're in your reproductive year, sometimes researchers will say, there's more pressure to sort of move on. On average, there's more pressure to move on kind of quicker. - My biggest panic at the end of that nine year relationship is we were gonna start having kids when she hit 30 and I was 31 and that was the plan for nine years and we broke up virtually right then and I went, oh my God, my whole plan for having children, which I know I want more than anything, I just went away. Oh no. - I love that you bring this up 'cause I think the mistake is that that is a pressure that women alone have and we know that's not true. Women have different pressures as realities of biological clocks. Now with technology, there's different ways to work around that. If you have the resources again to work around them, but we know that men have it too. I'm really interested in this idea. I remember a bunch of my guy friends all around the same time. I had this sort of like baby fever in our kind of mid 30s and everyone's like, I want kids. I haven't heard about this. I haven't watched this movie. - Yeah. - But there was this desire to kind of find the right relationship and men saying to each other like, well, I don't want to be too old a graduation. I want to still be able to run around a park. Now we had a long runway and some ways it brings some benefits often of wisdom, sometimes financial resources and you have the maturity, the patience and we're seeing more and more of that of pushing back reproduction. So when we think about the consequences of these relationships of the different points in our life. So sometimes where reproductive years we might try to move really quickly, but we're seeing more and more evidence of people who are dating and having sex the late in life after 55 and 60. There was one study of retirement community of like men and a retirement community and it was like one guy for every like four women. - The village. - Yeah, and then you see high rates of sexual activity. High rates of sexual transmitted. - Yeah. - That plays the village in Okachoby, Florida or whatever, at the highest rate of SCD. - Lays are, men's people are fumbling through just like teenagers. - Yeah. - Fumbling through, which I think in some ways there's something - Oh, to do our role. - It's adorable. - It's adorable. - How at every part of our life, the pull of love and sex, the pull of intimacy really. And whether there's more or less sex involved, but the pull of this connection, of this intimate connection with another person is with us all through these different stages. The pain of breaking up, through the excitement of first love, late in life where we're sometimes doing it again. Doing it again comes with different challenges. Often by definition of doing it again, we tend to be older. So we're often looking at people who are sometimes in 30, but often looking at 50, 60, 70, 80, different challenges and relationships and how the body ages, including sex is different and what happens after menopause, a lot of intention to that now. And same for men with a reptile functions as we get older. So all sorts of stuff going on on that front. My colleagues, the late anthropologist Helen Fisher and Amanda Guesselman at the Kinsy Institute, we had been looking at different age patterns both for dating and sexual activity. And what we found as people got older, they were least likely to settle. They were a bit more sure of what they wanted and needed in their relationship partners. Is there of dating again? But also what we found is when we looked at orgasm actually in sexual activity, that although sexual activity decreased as we age for women in particular, for both men and women, if you control for sexual dysfunctions and medication use, medications that often have sexual side effects, you don't get this precipitous decline in sexual satisfaction. And women in particular, when they hit menopause, there was actually a slight uptick in orgasm. So that's paradoxical maybe if you're thinking, well that's not what we think about what happens to the body. But what was also happening was people were changing their behaviors. They were engaging in more for play. They were maybe using lubricants, maybe using hormonal replacement therapy. So on average, they were doing things that had they done 40 years ago, more for play, probably would have had higher orgasm. But now they kind of had too, 'cause the bodies were changing. So it's a mixture of experience and how our bodies change. And I think later life, love and sex has a lot to teach us. When I used to teach in the fall semester, I tell my students, when you go home for Thanksgiving, ask your grandparents about their advice on love and sex on their book, are you crazy? Yeah. It used to say that Dean was a friend of mine. And it's one day I know I'm gonna get called in your office for this. Exactly. Some alumni have big donor. Yeah. You want to explain to me why my grandkids just came home from your university that I'm funding and asked about my love life with their grandma? That was a direct crime. I'm not in the classroom anymore. (laughing) You would have a you would have a you would have. Yeah. Well Justin, my gosh, this was like, wind in the sales. This was such a fun episode. It makes me want to keep doing this job. Tell them, "Dad, the book is the intimate animal, the science of sex, fidelity, and why we live and die for love." And I hope everyone reads it. It's beautiful. You're wonderful. What a delight. Yeah, thanks for coming. Yeah. That's my surprise to you. Yeah, that's great. All right, be well. (upbeat music) Stay tuned for the Fact Check. It's where the party's at. (upbeat music) Happy anniversary. Oh, it's the anniversary. This is too much stuff that's happening today. No, it's for our anniversary. Oh, this is for our anniversary. Well, I, you know, it's like one of those you make it worth. Happy crossover. Yeah. Happy accident. But we are going to be joined live. I feel like we're doing a telecast like we're going to talk to someone on a mountain reporting on a snow storm. Oh. when a Lou is going to be joining us. The creator of connections, our favorite game. She's a cross puzzler. Oh, she does it all. She does it. And we're going to find out, as you guys know, we have a theory that perhaps she winked at us. You have a theory. I have a theory. I'll stand by it. And then I will, I will not share the glory if I'm right. Because you'll have been on the other side of the fence. OK. OK. I was excited to share the glory. Oh, no. No, we're on opposite sides of the spec here. Of the debate. We're going to find out. OK, great. But also we're just so excited to talk to our audience. Yeah, find out how does she do this? Happy anniversary. Let's talk to Winna. OK. Here comes Winna. I'm nervous. Me too. Hello. Oh, can you hear us? Hi. Yeah. Yeah, can you hear me? Yeah. And it's Winna, right? Not Winna. We messed that up. It's Winna. We messed that up a lot. Yeah. So sorry. No, not at all. You want to see, oh, there's a pop here. Is this is Polo. Polo. Oh, Polo help you write your puzzles. Polo is my nearest yeah, for sure. Oh, my God. I'm starstruck. I am too. I am too. I feel like we've crossed-- we've entered a different dimension. Winna exists in another dimension where the New York Times exists. Yes. But now we're here in the same dimension. Ish. It's our eight year anniversary, so we're really happy to have you. And it's also your thousandth, you just had your thousandth episode, right? Yeah. So congratulations. We're bordering on two self-congratulatory because we had a thousand and now we have eight. And so we're going to-- we'll just let everyone know. We're going to cap it at celebrating after today. Well, it's not our fault that there's just so many good things happening. So many milestones. So Winna, would I be right to assume you're living in New York? Yes, that's right. And how long have you lived there? I was actually a group here. Really? What part of town? Always on the east side of Manhattan. So I grew up on like 20, 30 seconds and just kind of moved around. And what did mom and dad do? My parents are in the radio business. They're in-- they're in-- yeah, mostly Chinese radio. Chinese radio. That's cool. The original podcast. Yeah. Can they get us big in China? I feel like that would really move the needle. It was. Yeah. I think that the stations are here. So no. No. Okay. Okay. Big in New York, because that would also be good. Yeah. Well, I think she's trying. I think she's trying. Oh. Okay. Now, of course, let's-- I want to find out how you've come to be a puzzle creator. And then, of course, we have a billion dollar question at the end. But yeah, what is the route one takes to where you're at? And then also explain all your duties as a puzzle. Yeah. Oh, okay. Okay. Yeah. It's sort of a niche job being a puzzle editor. I think I came into it through Crossroads. So I joined the Times in 2020 as a Crossroads Editor, which is something that I still do. And so all of the puzzle editors at the Times, in addition to managing their own games and projects, also, we all work on editing the big Crossroads together. Yeah. And so that-- it's a very small sort of sweet community of just puzzle enthusiasts, of Crossroads enthusiasts. And so everyone kind of knows everyone, and everyone kind of is like a fan of everyone's work. And so I think that when you start submitting your puzzles to different venues, then you get a sense of the puzzles that people make and the clues they write and things like that. And so I feel like that played a big part of it. Because Crossroads, a puzzle editor, a lot of it, is just like writing clues. And so yeah, I feel like the puzzles you make are your resume. So I feel like that really helped. Yeah. And do you think that-- are you like a sommelier, where you can look at a Crossroads puzzle in any random newspaper in America and have a pretty good sense of who wrote it? Like, can you identify the authors through their different patterns? I would say that there's definitely some styles. Yeah. I don't know if I would be like exceptionally good at it, but I bet that they're people who would. And they're definitely like constructors with like their own flair. And I feel like their work is-- I do like you have a real fingerprint, because I was doing-- I think maybe many-- is you sometimes do many, is right? Occasionally, yeah. Yeah, I think I was doing a mini, and I was like, I'm-- I wonder when it did this, and then I went and you had-- Wow. Can you remember the giveaway? The same wavelength. Yeah, I think you're like-- it's like fun. It's cheeky. Okay, cheeky. Winsor brand. Oh. Enchanted? Enchanted. Yeah. Enchanted the word. But I did like a-- Nice to see you. Thank you. But when-- what'd you major in art? You majored in art? Yeah. From where? From Oberlin College. Okay. So it was-- you know, my mom was always like-- my mom who I'm very close with, and who's an amazing, lovely person was always just like, you're not going to be an artist. That's good or feel. And so I feel like it was-- you know, and she was-- she was right. But I feel like the art thing-- the art thing was always-- yeah. So it's always been like an interest of mine. How did you start making your own cross? I assume you started making your own crossword puzzles for your own amusement. And then what do you submit them to the New York Times? Like how does one gain employment in this field? Yeah. No, that's exactly it. You just kind of realized so for me, I started going to crossword tournaments. And that's where you meet like other crossword freaks. And it's just really fun. And what becomes kind of intimidating. It's like, even the idea of going to crossword tournaments. Like, oh, I'm not that good at the solver. You know, I'm not smart enough. I'm not fast enough. And it's like, do you think it's fun to sit in the room for two days solving puzzles? If you do, then you belong. Like this is-- you know, then you're-- like, no one actually cares how good you are at solving puzzles. And so it's just a lot of like-minded people who love puzzles getting together. And that's where you kind of meet, you know, the sort of like luminaries in the field. And you're like, oh, my god, I love their work. I love their work. And then you realize just because everyone's like so sweet that it's like, oh, it's just normal people that make these puzzles. And like, I am normal-- you know, it's like-- like, maybe it occurs to you that maybe it could be you. Right. And so I-- And you've already said a couple adjectives. But if you had to say there was some through line of the puzzlers, do you think there is a personality type? It's interesting because it's not like a full-time thing. I feel like it's cool that people come from all sorts of different backgrounds. But there is-- like, there are like a lot of like computer science people. There are a lot of musicians. Oh, right. There is a certain like maybe brain that like also overlaps like puzzle word play. Things like that. Maybe something computational as well. It is your full-time job, though, right? Yes. Okay. How are you calibrating as people may or may not know? But the New York Times Crossword puzzle gets increasingly hard throughout the week. And I'm wondering how you know what level Thursday is, verse-- like, it's sitting down to do Tuesday versus Saturday. What's the criteria that makes it harder? Yeah. That's a great question. I think that Monday through Thursday or-- and also Sunday are the themed puzzles. And so the nature of the theme will actually tell you a lot about the day of the week that it'll be the most appropriate for. So like, Thursday is the day that's like the most known for like tricks. So if you have like a reverse, right? Which is when like, you know, more than one letter is in that box or when you have like something funny, like the words are turning directions or going backwards or flipping or something like weird is happening? And that's going to like almost always run on a Thursday. And if it's like a more sweet-- sorry, go ahead. No, this is just good. Oh, seriously? Is it only an all in? Yeah, yeah, yeah. MMAs. But like, there are other things that are like a little bit more straightforward. And those might be good for an early week. And also, there's stuff about the grid. This is a little like, interrupting. This is like two weeks or whatever. No, I love it there. Yeah, that's so terrible. There's like a-- on an early week puzzle, you actually-- they're actually really hard to make because you have to make the grid super clean. Which means when you're constructing the grid, you know, you might want to like include all these like fun entries. But then you might get like these weird little like four letter words that no one knows that are kind of obscure. And like, those don't really fly on like a Monday or Tuesday. You really want that vocabulary to be super familiar and not sort of like crossword inside of it. And when you're in your like creative mode where you're coming up with, are you prone to think of like a great clue for a great word? Creating breakfast and do you have like a note section in your phone where you're going to like, oh, this is a word I want to use. Or do you more visualize the full grid and how it's going to work together? Ideally, it's sort of changed for me. And I think that you're identifying a really smart-- what a really smart person would do, which is like, yeah, sometimes you-- if you think of like a really amazing like clue answer combo, you write it down, then you can build your puzzle around it. Yeah. And then, like, I've had a lot of fun with the question of how long time when I started making puzzles, especially, I would kind of just make a grid with the most fun words that I could, and then I would clue it. Reverse engine near it. Right. And then sometimes you kind of-- you don't actually want to do that because sometimes you can't write quite the clue that you thought you could. Like, it might be a fun answer, but like, it's really the clue answer combo that makes it a good puzzle. So I think that you're thinking about it in a more kind of holistic way, which I believe is a new fame. [LAUGHTER] Like, also because people have a lot of iron towards you because they can't, you know, if the puzzle's too hard or you do the one with the pictures and then people are mad, and then they're sending you bad vibes. I admit, I once sent a few vibes at our bad. Yeah, we were on a connections chain, and sometimes, yes, you were. would be like that bitch, when I know, but I didn't know for real. But I was mad. If she kind of solve it, it was your fault, not hers. Yeah, that's right. I take responsibility and I welcome the bad vibes. I think, yeah, I think that's fair. I think it's great. I think it's really fun even when people are mad. It's like I love being mad at stuff. So I get it. I think it's very, I mean, like a very lucky position where the thing that like making games is something that like we love doing. It's like it's so fun to do and people love solving them, but it's super low stakes. There's like zero stakes, but I passion. So it like doesn't really matter as opposed to like other jobs. Like, you know, like the journalists or whatever, like new, it's like extremely high stakes and extremely high passion, you know. Yeah, when you screw up, there's lawsuits. I doubt you've ever been sued over the crossword puzzle. Yeah. Yeah. Okay, now let's move to connections. How did you think of that concept? Who thought of the concept? I did not think of connections. Connections was pitched internally by some of my amazing colleagues. Basically what happened was like in 2021, the time to acquire a world. And then there was like this pivot towards new games. And so like they brought on this like amazing, you know, new games team. And then they created these sort of like pipelines for pitching and developing new games and like a green light process and all that. And so connections was pitched and like developed internally. And then when it got to the stage where they wanted to like release a 60 day public beta trial, they needed an editor to write those 60 boards. And so at the time I was the only editor that like didn't have a game and they're like, when I do want to try writing this game when I was like, yeah, that's amazing. So I was assigned connections after it had already been like developed and stuff. So I got really, really lucky. Okay, I think of sometimes the how daunting your job is. I compare it to back when I was in this sketch comedy theater. And we had a new show every single Sunday and there had to be 25 sketches and just like the on it never ended. And you kind of run out of inspiration and anyone that was around me in that period, I would be at lunch and someone would put, you know, a napkin down weird on the table as a waiter and I'd be like, oh, there's a sketch. What if the person always puts things down? So are you like, are you kind of crazy? Are you like to be around you? Are you like looking around? You constantly trying to feed that inferno? Like, what's your process for it? Extremely relatable. We said, "Vebb and napkin, I'm taking notes now." It's like, napkin funny. Yeah. So look up for that. No, I feel like, yeah, it's in the beginning, I feel like people are like, oh, is it kind of like ideas kind of come to you? And maybe in the beginning a little bit, but not for a while. I feel like after, you know, it's been like a couple of years and I feel like you couldn't rely on, yeah, to be inspired from the clouds and do some of the classes. Exactly. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, I wish. Yeah. So it is a little bit more of a grind. So it's like, you sit down, you go, I'm going to just look at some words. Yeah, I'm going to look at Google a list of flowers or like a list of parts of a ship or like, I don't know, how up some fish or whatever. You know, and then you like, look at words or sometimes, you know, you have a seat of an idea. There's like, like, you know, I was thinking about the other day. It was like, there's a lot of free associated things. So it was, I was thinking of like computer stuff and there was like, you know, storage drives. So there's like thumb, thumb drive, zip drive, a flash drive. I was like, oh, like those words like are like kind of interesting thumbs it flash together. And so I kind of like, I work in a in a spreadsheet. So like I was like a digital sketchpad. So I can kind of click and drag words around. And so I was like, trying to make a category of that. But then I was like, oh, you know, like thumb drive and zip and like flash drive are sort of the same thing. So maybe it's better. It's like a fake category. And you kind of click them around and you try to see if they're other. The fake categories really pissed me off. Well, that's the fun of the game. You get me sometimes you really get me. Yeah, congrats. The thing at the times I've been mad at you to be honest, I have been solely when we got obsessed with solving the the purple colors. Yes, we had to go purple, blue, green, yellow. That was like, that's how you get an A on it in our threat. Yeah. And so so often I be like, well, definitely that's the hardest. Yeah. And I would do it and it would be fucking green. I'm like, when it no way this this purple is way easier than this green. Those are the times I've been upset. How are you delineating what's harder in your mind? I guess it's just your arbitrarily. It's whatever you can. Can I guess something? I want to guess. Yes. I feel like the purple is almost always a word play. That's exactly what I would say. Okay. Yes. It is. There's always like, they're joined by a word that we're missing or the world letters missing off of a word or something. It's always word play. I'm purple's my favorite. Purple is. But then sometimes purple isn't always that though. Right? Purple's not always word play. There's not always a word play category in the board. And sometimes if there's like a, do you want to hear my like very loose, very loose rubric for like a signing colors? Okay. Yes. So Monica, you're exactly right with the purple. If there's like word play, which I guess I'm defining as like the group of four words, the category is not based on the meaning of those four words. So maybe those are all words that like, you know, go with another word. So like the fill-in blank category is right like blank tape. Right? All the words that go with tape. Those words and it only needs to do it each other. But that's where it play. Or like, yeah, the change of letter, the homophones or you know, things like that. And so that'll like basically always be purple. Blue is for if there's like trivia. So if it's like kind of more like no it or you don't, if it's a reference to like movie like a movie. Yeah, actors, Ben and all four of these movies. Exactly. That'll like be blue. And then red and green is a little bit more, you know, maybe a little bit more. It's awesome. Yeah. Moving over to us up. I think it's extremely subjective. And I feel like the way I do it is if I see a word that like, is pretty unambiguous in terms of its part of speech or like it like kind of squarely like it can't, it like identifies the category. If it's like embiguously like a definition of something and it can't really mean other stuff, whatever that category is might be yellow. And the green one might be like a group of synonyms or something. That's a little harder to see. Maybe they're part of speeches more ambiguous. There's like the words of multiple meanings, stuff like that. Yes. Yes. But it's a very vibes based. So I it's understandably kind of, I think it's it's subjective. Yeah. And what is harder for you to create connections or the crosswords? Like are you wearing golden handcuffs with this? You got to sign this. It's like it's a hit. You've cracked it. You're known for it and you're like, wait, though, I'd rather be doing crosswords. No, no, no. I actually, connections has like this kind of like free dissociation like structural like freedom. Like you can kind of take liberties with like the like thinking it's like fun to think about all the different things a category could be. So there's a flexibility in it that I think is like really lovely. Whereas like crosswords are in some ways like at least bread making it's it's quite formal. Like it's like hard to like make a good grid and to like not have too many crappy words and and things like that. So I kind of appreciate the looseness of connections. Do you get a bang out of thinking of like how many people play the game? I would. I think yeah, it's it's really I mean, I it's I think it's it's it's very cool. I'm very I feel very fortunate that like something I really love doing is something that people like playing. Now given the pace of how it comes out, do you how can you take a vacation? How are you getting time off? Can you do multiple in a day and build a little work chest as we do? Right now. Yeah. Yeah. There were like about like four weeks ahead. So the boards that like I'll write this week will run in about like kind about a month. So there's a little bit of a buffer but you know I think I it's hard to get like if I'm going to be gone for a week it's hard to get like you know a week ahead. So it's just I don't I don't mind kind of work in what I'm I have an idea. I have an idea for a perfect based on napkin. Okay. You got a pitch. Yeah. Because you said napkin earlier. Yes. And I've been thinking that a good purple would be like napkin and then some like fair child something sun like the last the end of the word is. Oh, child son. Probably not daughter. That seems hard. But you need a fourth. If that shows up. Oh, you'll spray. Okay. Okay. I'm going to get to my million dollar question. And I guess the first I would ask have you listen to armchair expert? Wow. That's a great start. Okay. Now I I'm sure it got to you but I was very suspicious as were the arm cherries that you were winking to us. I want you to be honest. So I really want you to be honest. Yes. With armchair and expert being in the same thing the day after the golden gloves and where I'm I'm wondering if it was a wink or not. I can confirm that this was definitely intentional. That is so wow. I know that's better than a golden globe. I rather have that than must having won the golden globe. Yes. It was the last day before. So it was a really big moment. But I couldn't I couldn't receive it. Your self-esteem was too low to even consider that that happened. >> So what phrase that doesn't mean us. >> Yeah, yeah. >> Next time I'll put Dax and Monica. >> [LAUGH] >> You know, it'll be like start your characters and like Santa Blank or something. >> Or you could be using acts from Dax and I don't know we're doing. >> Like those tricky. >> Yeah, there's going to be roughs. >> There you go, friends characters. >> [LAUGH] >> Oh my God. [LAUGH] >> Oh, winner, this really made my whole year. I'm so grateful because if you had said no, then that would have immediately confirmed I was a narcissistic, megalomaniac. >> Which is my- >> And now I'm just observing. That was like the steaks were very high for your answer for me. >> [LAUGH] >> That's so kind. >> So I guess my curiosity is, hey, you're still doing a ton of art, right? You're still a very active artist. >> Mm. >> And so what is, are you at the pinnacle of puzzling? I'd imagine it would be New York time. So are you at the place you set up to be and then what do you desire next? >> I feel really happy about the sort of being able to make this game and be able to work with these people and to be able to work at the times and stuff. Yeah, it's really amazing. And in terms of like, I just want to keep making stuff. I've always just loved kind of just taking classes or just tinkering with different tools and different media and meats. And yeah, so I- >> You're such a key man. >> I was just over here. >> I know. >> Me too. >> Me too. >> Me too. >> Really happy you chatted with us. >> Thank you so much. >> Are you ever thinking of new games? Do you think of like full new concepts? Do you think of- >> I- that is not really- I don't have a lot of experience doing that. Maybe like some little puzzles here and there. But no, I mean, do you have new games? >> Do you want to talk about new games? >> I'm a person who thinks of a lot of things. None of them would really- >> Yeah, you don't really want to hear about- >> Yeah, you don't really want to hear about- >> Yeah, you don't really want to hear about- >> Yeah, you don't really want to hear about- >> Yeah, you don't really want to hear about- >> Yeah, you don't really want to hear about- >> Yeah, I'm sorry. >> I would- >> And you only have your body. You only have your body, right? You don't have any tools or anything. In fact, you're nude, but don't worry. No one's looking. >> No, I'm hearing shoes. >> No, you're nude. >> Yeah. >> Yeah, because if you were wearing shoes, you could make a lace- >> No, I'm hearing shoes. >> No, you're naked. It's beast-un-beast. >> I feel like the chances of me going against a lion would go extremely poorly for me. >> Yeah. >> I don't think that I would have a chance. So maybe trying to be friends with a lion would be like a better attack. >> Uh-huh. >> And maybe go up to the lion and just be extremely non-threatening, which I don't think I need that much help to. And maybe it would be like this would be a waste of time for the lion in the lion's mind to go after me. >> Your inner-dissing a new concept I hadn't considered, which is like maybe you could do reverse psychology, which is like put yourself in its mouth and then it wakes up and it's like, what's in my mouth? I didn't pick this. >> Oh, I like that. >> Right. That's kind of interesting. That's kind of what you're suggesting. >> What were your answers? >> Okay, so here's the answer. The correct answer is you pluck its eyeballs out immediately. Pop them out. Okay. >> Uh-huh. >> And then you're not going to like this part. You do have to put your fingers in your butt and you have to rub it on his nose. So he wakes up and now he's so disoriented because his eyes are looking down at the ground and his smell, a sense of smell, which is very keen, is all fucked up because you put your butt on it. And then you climb up on the cage as high as you can so as he's walking around, he can't find you. But he's not going to be leaping at you because he can't see and he can't smell. So that is the correct answer to how to survive the 8x8. >> Isn't that a great riddle? Isn't that like the best riddle you've ever heard? >> Huh. >> What do you think of that game plan? >> It sounds hard to execute. >> Yeah. >> It does. >> What part, the popping the eyes out? >> Yeah. I think, yeah, starting with that is like that's a-- >> I think you'd be surprised at what you'd be capable of doing if you knew you were about to get eaten in 30 seconds. I think you get your thumbs in there and pop them right out. Pop, pop, pop. >> Yeah, just, he's already so close and like, I don't know. >> What if it turns out it's really hard just to get their eyelids open? >> I'm so happy. >> You're like, oh, yeah, I'm going to get his eyelids over here. >> Yeah, you haven't even done research on that. >> What if I, like David Blaine, because I got so hell-bent on this, was the right answer that I set up this performance stunt to test, whether this was the right answer. Forget the Humane Society would be all over me for doing this. >> Yeah. >> But I don't know. I think that's the best solution we have for me. >> Okay. >> But Veronica, what was your-- did you have a thought? >> Well, no, I thought it was a riddle. >> So I thought there was like, you know, a tricky answer or like-- >> Like Lions Don't Sleep. >> Right. That's what a riddle is. >> Yeah, sure. >> And then it was that. So, hated that, hated that. >> Oh, well, Winner, this was a blast. We're so delighted that we got to talk to you on our anniversary. Thank you so much. >> Thank you. >> I sure hope I-- >> You're so great to meet you. >> In New York, you can eat Emily Burger. >> Yeah. >> That was beautiful. >> That's that. >> Okay, wonderful. >> Have a great rest of your day. >> Yeah. >> You too. >> Yeah, thanks so much. >> Bye. >> Take care. >> See you later. >> Stay tuned for more armchair expert. If you dare. [ Music ] >> That was just a dream come true. >> The better than I thought, and I thought I was going to be great. >> All right, well, I have to give it up. I have to give it up to you, Dax Shepard. >> Big wink from Winner. A Winner wink. >> I can't believe she winked enough. >> Wink for the win, doesn't work. >> We'll get there. >> Ah. >> That is so flattering. I can't even handle it. >> The arms Harry's knew it. Let's be honest. They knew it before I knew it. >> Well, they're allowed to know it. >> But I also maintain that I'm glad that I didn't assume it. >> Uh-huh. >> I like, I want to be a person that doesn't assume compliments. >> Yeah. >> I don't know if that's something you should be doing for me. >> I'm just going to say, it perfectly mirrors us as a daters. >> I'm like, yeah, I don't know that girl might say no. >> Right. >> Well, a big deal I'll go ask. >> Yeah, and I'm like, well, they hate me. >> Right. >> They obviously hate me. >> And I'm like, I don't know. There's not a ton of better options here. >> Oh, God. >> Even if I'm not like the dream option, I think I'm better than this. Turkey, I've been talking to you next to me. >> Yeah, I can't do that. I can't do that. Well, that was just so fun. >> It was a blessing that was. >> It was a blessing. It was like, it was not a curse and it was. >> And she didn't pass the riddle, which is a little bit of a shocker because she is so intelligent. So intelligent. Although she did lead me to maybe another great. I do like the putting yourself in its mouth. >> That's it. >> Because two things like. >> No, one of it's a riddle. >> Well, here's the thing. I think if I'm you guys, and I have given up, like you can't do anything, then it's a riddle. >> Yeah. >> Then at that point, I want to get eaten as fast as possible. I don't want to delay this agony. >> Agony. >> Agony. >> So at that point, I would just get in its mouth. Get it over with. But I put my neck. It would wake up with my neck between its jaws. If I thought I had no chance. >> Yeah. >> But there is something interesting about him going like, "Oh, what the fuck?" But no one wants, even if you're like your favorite thing is, let's say it's Domino's Pizza. >> Ooh. >> But you're dead asleep and you wake up and there's a mouth full of Domino's Pizza. >> What the fuck is there pizza in my mouth? You immediately hate it. >> I know, but then where do you go? You're still in there. You're still in the cage. >> Yeah, but then he's like, "Guh, get away from me." And then you just go see corn. >> For like a minute. And then it's like, "Oh, actually, it's Domino's Pizza." >> Nothing in a way that tastes pretty good. Nothing like a much better. >> Yeah, I think that's good. A real answer to the riddle is like, well, it's actually an impossibility to out with a lion, so the answer is to die. Like, that's more of a riddle where you're thinking and you're thinking and actually there's no answer. >> There's a vein and I've said this before when we've had this debate, but there is a famous story of a very old man. I want to say he was in his 70s in Africa. He was a farmer and he got attacked by a leopard. And he survived by putting his hand in its mouth and pulling its tongue. >> He had the tongue, yeah. >> And then the blood and choked it out because their tongues have those needles on them that go backwards so that they can lick the skin off things. They have like a tongue. >> Yeah. >> They have a tongue. needily tongues. So you could get the ultimate grip of your life on its tongue. And I guess if you put your feet on its shoulder, maybe you could rip the lion's tongue out. That might be a better solution. But if it has needily tongues, then aren't your hands just fully ripped up when you're done, but you'll be alive. You'll heal from cut hands. Won't heal from a neck bite from a lion. Watch me. I liked when his idea like befriend it. And then it's like you're in a story book. And it's like this lion is my friend. And he eats people, but not me because I'm his buddy. Yeah. I think I'll pitch that. I'll say, Hey, hey, how about we try? Let's call her true story. We can sit here and hurt each other. Yeah, we could go against our nature and become friends. Yeah. Beautiful story. And then you hop on its back and you cross around the cage. I would like that. It's going to get hungry though. We could just die together and not eat each other. That's it. That's the nice ending. That's the Romeo and Juliet. It is. You would pick Romeo and Juliet. I would and I go glad to eat her. Yeah. Well, that's the difference between me and me. Speaking of, there, I saw an article that there's only like 5,600 tigers left or maybe a specific type of tiger. And they're in India. They're all in India. Do you not remember when we're in India? I looked up the list of all the known tigers in the world. And yeah, India has like 80% of them. There's there's tigers in Russia. There's tigers in lots of parts of Asia, but they're mostly hanging in India. There are estimated 5,500 to 5,600 tigers left in the wild with numbers slowly. Oh, increasing in some areas like India and Nepal and Russia due to conservation efforts, but declining in parts of Southeast Asia. That's not a lot. No, it's not. But I don't know that they were ever hugely populists. I don't know what they're originally. Okay. Let's see. They're high. I don't want to include saber to tigers or anything. Let's see what it says. Based on historical estimates, the highest number of tigers that existed at one time was approximately 100,000 wild tigers. That was in 1900. It's peak. What did say? 100,000. So yeah, that's a terrible decline. That's a 94% drop. Yeah. 95%. But also there weren't a million. That's true. But still 5,000. I mean, you really get into a genetic diversity issue. Yeah. I did start. They brought the buffalo back. I think the buffalo is down to thousands. And now there's millions of buffalo. Well, yes. This is the low point was 2010 record low of 3200. There we go. So they've doubled that. Yeah. They're getting the problem with tigers and having a ton of population is their solitary and they have a territory. So lions are a pride. There's 15 of them in one group and they have a territory. So it's like these solitary animals take, they need so much space that you're never going to have tens of millions of them. Yeah. There is a small part of me that understands like wanting one of these baby tigers as my pet. Oh, sure. They're gorgeous. Look how cute that is. Oh, yeah. They're beautiful. I don't agree with it. But I like kind of viscerally understand the desire to. Would you have a tiger baby tiger or baby panda? Oh, I love baby panda. Oh my god. They're so roly. Yeah. I got to now I tell this a lot whenever we talk about tigers. But I'll always think of it when I think of tigers is Mike Tyson on Howard Stern saying, Howard, I was so crazy back then. I have these two tigers and I slept in bed with them and sometimes I would wake up in the middle of the night. They were fighting each other. Talk about waking up with a piece of pizza in your mouth. You've waking up and you're in bed with 900 pounds of tiger fighting each other. I mean, that is the apex of madness. It is madness and it's sad. Of course. It's really sad. It's like you want companionships so bad and you want like you want to feel loved by something dangerous. Yeah, I think it's the I'm lean more towards the ladder and oh baby panda. Oh, there's Mike with his one of his tigers. Look at he's in cute little white shorts. I feel that's upsetting. You're upset by this photo. We're looking at a photo of Mike Tyson in a tiny pair of white swim trunks and he's got a white tiger on a leash in a little. I feel bad that tigers are like, oh my god, you're rassling in. See, I think it's more personally that Mike was severely bullied as a kid and he got beat up nonstop in his rough neighborhood and I think he had to push through the fear of people picking on him. And this thing represents the scariest thing on earth. And if he cannot be afraid of that, he'll not be afraid. Yeah. And he finds himself in bed with white tigers because of that damn. Yeah. Oh, howard. Oh my god. That's so crazy. Um, Fakies. Yeah. Well, I know one more thing for our anniversary. Okay. Um, we have a special treat. We're not going to eat it on air because miscellaneous. Uh-huh. But we have a special treat in the garage. We have a year. Yeah, they're right there. Well, no, that's definitely take a bite in public. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. We have a special lunch. Uh-huh. Filly cheese steaks. Thank you. What a goo. Filly cheese steaks from. It's from a place called Matt to. Matt to. It's in Beverly Hills and it's amazing. And they only serve them like at certain times. It's a whole thing at the bar. At the bar. And they just opened one up in Pasadena. No, it's incredible. I've had this one time in my life. And it was just and I'm going to eat bread right now. You are. I am. I am. Oh my god. Oh, baby. Oh, guys, get yourself a Filly cheese steak tonight. Oh my gosh. Cheers. Oh, happy anniversary. All right. Love you. Let's do some backs. Okay, just a few facts for Mr. Garcia. Yeah. How'd you looked up any of his facts? It would have brought you to the Kinsey Institute. I know. Well, that's why and like full studies they did. I can't do a study. Mm-hmm. That fast. You're not well funded enough. I'm not. Um, I don't have access to college students. Well, I do because go dogs. You know, like I think I'm interfacing along with the gang over at UGA. I have some peeps over there still. That's how that's how temperamental social sciences are. Like if you study the kids at UGA. Oh, yeah. You're getting a specific outcome. Yeah. You study the kids at Michigan State versus U of M versus Stanford versus I mean, who are we kidding? I know. All these studies are really based on like these very unique populations of who goes to what college? Yeah, even the fact that it's even college kids is bad. Yes. And then within that. But I do trust this one more than most because it's it's in Indiana. Yeah, and these aren't called heat. They went around. Yeah. But the initial work of the Kinsey. Yeah. Sure. Speaking of ding, ding, ding, go dogs, Georgia, football, superboes coming up, Rams lost first fact, Bible belt. What constitutes? What is the Bible belt specific? Does it list the states? Yeah. So I want to sure you can try Arkansas. No, hold on. Let me, okay, this is AI. Maybe I should look at let me look at Wikipedia. The way this chart is doing it is by proportion of evangelical Protestants per state in the American South. Okay. Yes, Arkansas is on here. Arkansas, Oklahoma. Oklahoma is on here. Missouri. Yep. Kentucky. Yeah, but this, okay, this chart just has all the states in the South. And then it has percentages. Although is Texas in that? Yeah. It is. Why don't you try to do the top 10? Okay. Okay. Arkansas is one. Arkansas, Oklahoma. No. Oh, wow. Missouri. Is 10. Kentucky. Yes. Tennessee. No. Really? Mm-hmm. Mrs. Is it big? Yes. South Carolina. No. No, no, no, but close, but no. All right. Hand me with the rest. Okay. I'll start from the top. Alabama. Oh, I can't forget Alabama. Arkansas. Delaware. I reject that one. Continue. This is this is science. Yeah. Although it is weird. It is Ohio. And no. Nope. This is not right. This is not right. I don't like this. At all. I'm going to go back to AI. The Bible belt is a region in the South Eastern and South Central United States characterized by a high concentration of evangelical Protestant church goers and socially conservative political views coined by journalists H L. Mankin in 1925. The term generally cover states like Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and parts of Texas. I should have included Georgia. Yeah, it's in there. But there's I associate Georgia with Black folks so much because of Atlanta. I know it's very very Baptist. Even though I'm from the suburbs of Atlanta. I don't think of, I do not think of Georgia. -As Atlanta. -As Atlanta at all. -Yeah. -And it's not what I, like, was I never went to Atlanta. -Yeah, yeah, yeah. And I only went to Atlanta when I went to Georgia. -On the drive, like, from Cali's house to my house. -Uh-huh. Which is how many miles? -Oh, great cue. -Oh, not your strong, too. -I don't know how long it takes you to drive there. -10 minutes. -Okay, and you're probably averaging 35 miles -Exactly. -So let's say it's three miles. -Okay. I would maybe even less. -Okay. -You pass 26 churches. -It does boggle the mind when you're in the South. I see this in Tennessee, where we're at, which is like, how many people are in these churches? Five, six? Like, it doesn't seem like the population could support this many churches. -I know. -And it does make me think that many of them are empty. -But they're full. -But they're full. -But they're full. And there'd be days, like, when my friends would invite me and I would go, 'cause it's like, "Ee, you got to go." -Yeah. -And, like, you know, so I'm at my friend's church, which is, like, the Methodist church. But then, like, across the street is the press Baterian church, and, like, we see if our friends there, too. -Uh-huh. -Like, they're just all-- -There's a loose friend. -There's a Catholic church, Santa Monica, shout out, Santa Monica, -Sat down for the Catholics. -That's where Cali went. -The OCs, the original Christians. -Yeah. I have friends. It was weird, because it was, like, I'm the only one not at any of these. -Uh-huh. -Because even, like, Cali and Christina, they weren't, like, churchy, but they went to Santa Monica's, or Santa Monica's-- -Yeah, Detroit was not like that. But it used to be honest. Like, I would go to my grandparents, and we drove a while to go to the Baptist church, 'cause they were Southern Baptists. -Yeah, a lot of times. -But in my, in Highland, you know, the Catholic church by my neighborhood, and then there was maybe one or two others. And certainly, there was zero pressure to be at church. -No kids in school were over, like, why don't you go to church? -Oh, really? -Now, I had friends whose parents were quite religious. -Yeah. -Those were the ones I felt judged by that. We were living in San in this broken marriage home. -Sure. -And those kids weren't a lot of sleep at-- -Sure. -Sleepovers at my house. -Yeah. -So they were there, but I don't-- -It wasn't the cultural norm. -Yeah, that's interesting. -It was more secular for sure. -No, it was that-- it was like, what church do you go to? -Right. -Cause you go. -You definitely are going, which one do you go to? Okay, do chimps decide what sperm they're picking? -Not chimps or rangatans. -Okay. Well, I typed in chimps. -Okay. -The claim in the episode though, what has been theorized is that these females-- -I thought he said chimps, but maybe not. -Okay. -It does say chimpanzee females do not directly choose individuals sperm, but they influence fertilization outcomes by preferring mates with different genetic backgrounds to avoid inbreeding. That just means regular. -Mates election. -Okay, so I'm going to do orangutans. -Cause they have a lot of non-consensual sex. -Okay, this says-- -They gave it a scientific name, but it's rape. -Yeah, exactly. Female orangutans do not-- -Is it rape if it's like-- -If the male grabs and forces the female, the female stays still while it-- -Now, yeah, in humans, it is rape. -Yeah, yeah. -In a species where that is how procreation happens, is it? -I just think the minimal definition of rape would be that the female is trying to get away from the male and doesn't want to have sex, but the male and the male forces are to have sex. -Yeah. -We must agree upon that definition. -Well, I-- -Yeah. -And so, by that-- you don't see that really in chimps much. You see it in orangutans, and they have the unique ability. They can class because they're-- their feet class. They can class every part of the female, right? They can get their feet around its ankles so they can't run. Like a male-- you know, a human could still run or whatever. You understand? It's like they're uniquely set up. -Limans-- the female don't want to. -No. -Oh, yeah. -Do they want to with some? -Yeah, they have consensual sex. -Oh, they do. -Yeah, and then they have-- then they try to not have sex, and then the male has sex with them. Anyways, and yet what the primatologists have observed is that their offspring is more often than not from the chosen mate, not the one that raped them. So how are they doing that? -Right. -Okay. So this AI-- -Take with a grain of AI. -Yes. Female orangutans do not consciously choose specific sperm cells, but they exert significant control over paternity by selecting mates based on avalatory timing and reducing the risk of infanticide. Near ovulation females prefer mating with dominant flanged males, while engaging in more forced or unflanged matings during less fertile periods. -Interesting. Okay. -You got to have those flanges. -I was called flangent. -Flangent? -I said flanged. -All of the orangutans stuff, and as you know why I say orangutans, all of those dumbly Germans saw all these words. -Oh. -Yeah. -That makes sense. Flanges, which are distinct facial features. -They're the big plates that come out the sides of the big males. -Yeah. -Yeah. -They're crazy looking. -Wow. Do you ever see that dock where Julia Roberts did on orangutans and one of the males grabbed her and they all freaked out? -Yeah. -That's so scary. -Very scary. -Because they're like 350 pounds and they can like reach up and pull themselves. I mean, they're so strong. It's crazy. He looks grumpy, doesn't he? -Yeah. -No, I'm not-- -What's this part? -I'm just going to say, what's with the guy? I can't remember the name of the gobler. -He is a-- -But they have a big, lower flange, too. It's a big pancake. -Do they all-- Can you look up another one, Rob, and see if they all do it if that was just, you know, this guy. -He's really well flanged. -Yes, he is. -They grow as they get older. -Are they hair? Is that part have hair on it? -You know, I do wonder because you know, silverbacks. The males don't all develop the silverback. They only develop the silverback if they have taken control of the troop. And once they are the alpha male, then the silverback comes. And each troop only has-- -Oh, now-- -Oh, this guy's got a fucking 50 gallon trash can hanging off his bottom. -Oh, my God. -Oh, he looks more fun. He's confused. -You all have it. -I think the bigger the flange, the more dominant they are. -It looks like a huge tongue coming out of their neck. -Or just like a-- if a human lived to be 900, what their neck would look like. -I don't want that cobbler. -I don't want that. -I'm scared. -I'm scared. -I don't want that. -I don't want that. I just keep working out my neck and trapezius, hopefully. I'll just keep making my neck wider, hopefully. -I'll upset that. -Okay. I don't-- -Oh, my God. We go back to that. Do you see this one, Monica? -Oh, fuck. -That guy looks-- -Oh, fuck. -I look swallowing. -He's like grounding in his flanges. -Oh, God. -It looks like a big testicle, so I don't like the way that looks. -Yeah. -One of the questions here is how big is an orangutan peepee? -Okay. -Relatively small, around 3.3 inches long. It says, "It has a visible glands." -Well, glands is the head of a penis. -Unlike the Launcred taper, glands list penis of chimpanzees. -Yeah. -With size varying between primate species and often linked to mating competition dynamics, with orangutans generally having smaller penises and chimps, but larger ones than gorillas. So how big are gorilla peepees? I'm going to look at that. -Well, gorillas have tiny peepees and more importantly tiny testicles because they're not competing with other males, whereas chimps are competing with a ton of other males, so they have humongous testicles. -Bail is little guy. -Oh, yeah. -He's got a little tiny dinger. Look at tiny his balls, R2. -This is three centimeters. -You zoomed in on this big barrel belly. -Yeah, look at that. -I don't actually want that. -You can see the glands or the metas is also the name of that, the head. -Oh, what the fuck is that? I don't like that. You think that's all? -What? -You said that like all like it's cute. -Me? That was a cute little penis. -No, I hate that. -It looked like a mushroom. -I know. -Yeah. -That was on a gibbon though. -I think what does it say? What's that animal? -It doesn't. -I did not like that. -They are monogamous. -Oh, so they don't want to date me? -They can have those goofy looking penises and there's no competition. -Okay. Now, another fact I did look up was how big are the chimp testicles. They often weigh 150 to 170 grams, but you know I'm not good at that. -What's a human's way? -It says three times larger than human testicles. -Yeah, I'm so ambious of their testicles. -Really? -Yeah, absolutely. It looks great. I'd love to have a 300 gram set of testicles. -Why? -No, no, why? Just would. Rob, would you like that? -I don't think so. -Okay. -Yeah, that sounds. -It would make my bicycle lane hobby a little more challenging I guess. -Yeah. -Um, all right. -Okay. -Well, that's it. -Oh, wonderful. (laughs) I think so. I think a lot of primatologists are yelling at their radios right now, but I bet we got some a bit right. Feel free to write in. This is what the internet's saying. And as I said, I didn't do any studies. So I don't, this is all I got, the world in front of me, and make my fingertips. Okido, I love you. [Music]