Galileo e le sue scoperte astronomiche

We have already dedicated a couple of points to the thought of Galileo-Garileo, especially to its operation for now, the way in which science was designed, and the way in which it was trying to conquer the science of the spaces of autonomy, of the spaces of maneuver, which made it independent from the theology, from faith, from the Bible and from the authority of the past. But today we must start to see what can be discovered, indeed, how Galileo works in scientific terms, where its famous eye-catching and above all what it discovers, because these first discoveries, especially astronomical at the beginning, will convince Galileo of the foundation of the totalist system of the mind, instead of the value of the alternative model, the Copernican model that no one at the time could profess. Today we start to see all this starting, as always, immediately after the seal. Within the philosophy, a podcast by Hermano Scripps Ferretti, 172th point, Galileo and his astronomical discoveries. Here we are again to talk about philosophy, in particular philosophy of the Renaissance, but the Renaissance is now becoming true to its modern age, because Galileo, as we said, lived between the five centuries and the six centuries, he has certainly influenced by the cultural climate that persists in Italy, and Fiorentino, Pisano, Padovano, that is, it persists in the air of great artists, great scholars, of humanists, and not only. However, time passes, and the same thing that Galileo is doing, leads to a new feeling, which we have already begun to see, which we will soon see again, a feeling that must be made with the Church, it is also complicated the climate of reform and counter-reform that persists in Europe, which must also be done with Aristotle, in short, which must make many many accounts, as it is easy to intuit. Today, however, we will talk, above all, about science and, in particular, about astronomy, the white part of science, which is more or less interested in Galileo at the beginning, then there will be a lot of dynamics, we will talk about it and other disciplines, but from the philosophical point of view, of course, the major impact comes with astronomy. As I told you, Galileo is quite astute by the conceptions, which, however, seem fascinating to Nicolò Copernico, the south, certainly, about 50 years ago, compared to Galileo, and, however, the ideas of Copernico that are spreading, they influenced the approach of Gerrano Bruno, we have seen it, they are conquering fervent admirers in Europe and Galileo interested. Of course you have to find evidence, those of Copernico were, as I said, of the conceptions, that is, of the reasoning, also based on its observations, of course, but still everyone has to prove, deep down, you have to bring something concrete to convince many, many YouTubers. And Galileo, trying to do this, tries to find the proofs of the fact that Copernico has reason to do it, he has an approach that is very modern, which for us today is perhaps banal and unaccountable, but that at the time it was not unaccountable, that is, he wants to observe, he wants to point his eyes at the material he wants to study, at the field of indexes and notice things, to see with the eyes, find the proofs, as we say today, precisely with a language perhaps even a little legal, from tribunals to lawyers. However, how do you find the proofs in terms of astronomical? Obviously we have reached 500 and 600, there are no spaces, there are no, who knows, which races that can start, you have to use whatever you have. Here is Galileo, from this point of view, he is certainly a very modern man, because he does not have much exposure, but the little he has he uses widely. In particular, the instrument that becomes the symbol of these Galilean scopes, of this new attitude of science, is the canocchial. Very often he talked about this canocchial Galilean, as if it were an invention of Galileo, in reality the historical research has shown that Galileo has not invented the canocchial. The canocchial existed already before Galileo, in Holland it was for the first time built probably and used, only that in Holland the canocchial is certainly the second canocchial. The canocchial was known by a series of lenses that allowed to enlarge the image and see great distances, but these canocchials were mainly used in Holland for very practical competitions, for navigation, for battles, for wars, not yet, to try to study the universe, Galileo, to this something more, this new element that makes it particularly interesting and important, is the fact that using this canocchial, he reconstructs it on the model of examples that he had read in Holland and point it towards the stars. It is the first to try to use a instrument that had other scopes for scientific purposes, this super-agmatism signed throughout all its science activities will be many discovered that Galileo will also do with a certain technique, exploiting what the world gives him, what he can do with the instruments that he has. So what does Galileo discover pointing the canocchial towards the sky? Let's see, because there are various things, but all in one with the other, end up to beat the system, Aristotelic Otolemaico. The first thing that Galileo notices when he points the canocchial up in the sky is that the stars do not end up where one's eye sees. Until that moment, everyone looked at the sky, certainly but with a simple and naked eye, as he used to say, and that the observers had individualized a series of stars, which were thought to be the last stars of the universe, those that were called fixed stars, remember that Aristotelic Otolemaico had also talked about them. These fixed stars were encased in the so-called last sky, what was to be the end of the universe, precisely the limit. Galileo, look at the canocchial note, of course those stars that the observers have seen there are, but that the smaller they are, the more distant they are, there are also many other stars that one can not see. What makes him say, attention, already here there is an important proof, this means that the universe is not as small as it was imagined by Aristotelic, that those stars that we see are actually not the last, but the penultimate, the third, the fourth, perhaps there could still be many more, if we had a completely powerful canocchial note, so who knows how big this universe is, much bigger than we expect, the first element. Second important element, the point of his canocchial note, which is obviously also on the moon, the first of the satellites closest to it, planets, or however satellites that turn around the Earth, and he realizes, looking at the moon, that the moon is not like he expected. Second, according to Aristotelic's theory, the moon should have been made of earth, if you remember all the planets from the moon in Poi, then from the celestial world in Poi, they should have been made of earth, and the earth was a fifth element, very different according to Aristotelic from Earth, water, fire and air, which instead were the terrestrial elements. This fifth element, the earth, was a perfect element for which all the planets made of earth should have been the perfect ones. And this, in Aristotelic's system at the time, meant that he imagined that the moon, the sun, Venus, Mars, and so on, would be a smooth and perfect sphere, without crevices, without mountains, without valleys, because the earth is a perfect element without imperfections. Like a sort of ball of billiards, if you remember. Well, Galileo points his canocchial towards the moon and what does he notice? He notices that on the moon there are mountains, he notices that on the moon there are valleys, there are depressions. So this means that the moon is not perfect as we expected, it cannot be made of this phantom being the one who speaks Aristotelic but that no one has ever seen. If there are mountains on the moon and there are valleys, it means that it is not so much different from the earth, also the earth, its mountains and its valleys, right? So, maybe, in the beginning to suspect Galileo, these ideas of two worlds, the celestial world and the sub-lunar world, the first perfect and the second imperfect, maybe these two worlds are actually a single world, all made of the same elements, there are not all these big differences between the moon and the earth, so between the planets and the planet earth. Third observation that Galileo points his canocchial towards Venus, and he realizes that Venus is subject to phases, like the moon in a certain sense, that is, to a certain development of its brightness throughout the days. This implies that if Venus, like the moon, has phases, it implies that Venus is not necessarily a luminous body, but that it receives the light, no, like the moon, the moon does not put light on its phases because it receives the light from the sun and then sometimes it is impaled, so to speak, from the earth, so Venus is not a luminous body, but it is similar to the earth, also this is important because even the earth receives the light from the sun and even Venus receives the light from the sun, not only. If Venus is subject to phases, it also means that Venus rotates around the sun, another very important thing, I note that there is a center of rotation in the universe, yes, but it is not the earth for now, it is the sun, while to restore the only center of rotation in the universe there is always only the earth, and another frame goes to its place. Fourth observation that Galileo points his canocchial towards Jupiter, and he realizes that Jupiter has, at times, satellites that, or that a cloud did not see each other, maybe now with the canocchial they can be individualized, these satellites then are named by Galileo "Stelle Medice" in honor of the doctors who were his protectors. Here, these "Stelle Medice" obviously rotate around Jupiter, they are the satellites of Jupiter, which means that Jupiter, which then has its wings and everything else, is a center of rotation also, so we have said Venus rotates around the sun, surely, so the sun is a center of rotation. Jupiter has satellites, so it is also Jupiter, a center of rotation, certainly also the earth is a center of rotation because they rotate around the moon, but be careful, evidently rotation centers can be many, not only and not necessarily the earth. Last important observation that Galileo makes, and then we have finished with this sequence of information on astronomy, points his canocchial towards the sun, this is also complicated because then I did not tell you, but we will talk about it when we will do more in a deeper way the process, Galileo will also die almost dry, basically dry, because his observations are so effective, so impenetrable to fix the sun, it does not look good obviously, they have taken him in the course of serious problems at the sight, anyway, in this phase he is still rowing, he wants to know, he wants to know, so points his canocchial towards the sun, and what do you realize, you realize that on the sun there are strange reactions that he calls solar mackers, what are they, looking at the sun you realize that intermittenza, in a way a little casual apparently, there are mackers that appear on the solar surface, mackers that go and come, and Galileo recalls that these are the proof of alterations of processes that are in progress on the surface of the sun, meaning that something is happening if they compare mackers and then disappear, that there is some chemical process probably in progress, but this is why it is important, because the sun according to the Ritotally-Cotonemaica routine had to be unmutable and perfect, that is, there should not be any process, alterations, particular things on its surface, the fact, however, that Galileo shares in these solar mackers the further proof of the fact that there is the devenir, that the sun is subject to devenir as are subject to devenir also the other planets and also the moon, the stars and so on, I sign that again the distinction, the Ritotally-Cotonemaica between the lunar and celestial world has no more meaning, I sign above all that the model of the universe designed by Ptolemaeus is now over. From these first important observations that Galileo will begin to draw very soon of the consequences, also philosophical I would say, because obviously you cannot be indifferent to these great discoveries that change a lot in the chart on the table, change the perspective, give reason to Copernicus, but they also go beyond Copernicus, because Copernicus had spoken of many feelings of rotation, had not spoken of particular phases, here Galileo confirms the Copernican system, but adds so many new, innovative details to which Copernicus had not thought that it was the moon that is already evolving towards something new, what will then be systemed by Newton, then there are these philosophical consequences, but Galileo intueses that it is also said to communicate in depth, the first this, perhaps also the most important, we have always been used to thinking about the Greeks above all with the Ritotally, but not only with the Ritotally, that perfection was synonymous of immutability, what did Ritotally say, the perfect universe, the universe made of letters and this perfect element, the spheres, etc, all the circular orbits and so on, because Galileo said that the perfection was synonymous of immutability, because it could not be immutable instead of being perfect and immutable to be imperfect, because Galileo says that we need to also reason a little about the things we care about in depth, we are used to thinking in effect with the Ritotally, that what is immutable is the best, higher, healthier, more perfect, think about diamonds in depth, diamonds are practically immutable, they are arid stones, also at a certain point of view, where there is no reaction of the important biochemical in which the diamond is firm and immobile and then we return these diamonds extremely precious, while in the mud, on the contrary, we return it very little, let's say instead that it needs to be removed only from the rocks, that it needs to be cleaned, yes, it needs to be thrown away because the mud has not done a good thing, but in reality if I read, you will see well, the diamonds are really arid, they do not produce anything, while the mud gives life, because in the mud they are micro-organisms that live, that breathe, so if we want to look at the point of view of life and therefore also of human existence, the mud would be much higher than the diamonds, it should be much higher than the diamonds, but unfortunately in our world so uncertain and so stupid also to follow values ​​that are not true values ​​is contrary, we have more value to the diamond than not to the mud, and well, says Galileo, we should learn to give more importance to the mud, because from the mud the life is born, from the mud everything is born, it seems almost this comparison which is quite famous of Galileo anticipates a comparison other than the famous, I would say five centuries later, almost, a comparison made by Fabrizio de André, a singer who is very close to Galileo, if not for the fact that he comes from the area and everything is not so distant from those of Galileo-Galilei, but precisely in a song, said the other one of the most famous of De André via the field, there is a phrase that recalls very closely this reasoning of Galileo when the Italian singer recites "From the diamonds nothing is born, from the mud the flowers are born" here, this concept that in De André said in a almost poetic, funny, funny way, in Galileo in short it means even more philosophical, is not it? It is true for Galileo that from the mud nothing is born, but life, flowers, everything that counts is born from mud, it is born from mud, it is born from what is dirty, here, then, if this is true, the universe must not worry, Galileo says "The Aristotle has always thought that the universe will be solid, fixed, valid, until it will be immutable ", but be careful, not an immutable universe like the one imagined by the Aristotle, you cannot explain life, why should there be life in a universe so crystalline and firm and motionless? No, because there is life, it needs to be the movement, it needs to be the divinity, it needs to be something made up, and who told us that something like this was made up of evil, it was made up of imperfection, it was made up of defect, did not he say it? We should first think about all this vortex of life, this "to come for N" as something extremely positive, extremely vital, extremely precious, a new sense of the word. Here, this was the first consequence of reasoning, but the next time it will also be presented to others, and then, above all, I must pass you by astronomy and dynamics, explain how Galileo then announces these great discoveries and how exactly these great astronomical discoveries will cost him, because the dynamic field studies do not take him ahead of the inquisition, they do not represent a problem, the inquisition is to know how they move, the movements of the lines are uniformly accelerated, it does not matter, but also to the question whether it matters to know how the universe works, because in the universe there is a certain hypothesis, we could say, but that's all, we will talk about it next time, because today, even today, the moment we stop here, I remind you that you can listen to the podcast on many different platforms, on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, Deezercastbox, Hotradios, Precarodable and YouTube, but on these platforms, if you want, you can also listen to the podcast "Gemello" called "Dentro alla Storia", in which we obviously talk about the lack of history, I also remind you that if you try to explain the stories of philosophies of different times, compared to those we are treating in the podcasts, you can also look for it on YouTube, as Hermano Ferrette or come and write for you, you will find more than a thousand videos, or rather more than a thousand hundred at the moment when I record a video about each historical time, interesting, broad, in short, you usually find a lot, a lot of things, so if you go in search, download them and find them. 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Enough, I think I said it all, see you soon to talk about the historical moment, because we have almost finished it, but we still have some important things to do and then we will talk about dynamics and then we will talk about the process, then about the scientific method, in short, there are still many things to say, thank you very much for the focus, see you next time!