Francisco de Miranda, Part 1

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Just like that friend who takes care of things before you even ask AT&T, connecting changes everything, terms and conditions apply, visit AT&T.com/guaranteed for details. The old gays are back with silver linings, their lovable podcast from IHearts Ruby Studio in partnership with Veeve Healthcare, Robert, Mick, Bill, and Jess A, Stretbackdown Memory Lane for Season 2, sharing lessons on life, love, and loss. Roses are the kind of insights that only tend from experience. So tune in to silver linings with the old gays on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Workplace chaos, we've all been there. Deadlines are slipping, projects are piling up, and suddenly you realize the missing piece is the right person. That's what you say, this is a job for sponsored jobs. With indeed sponsored jobs, your job post gets abused, so you can connect with quality candidates faster. In fact, sponsored jobs posted directly on Indeed are 95% more likely to report a higher than non-sponsored jobs, spend less time searching and more time interviewing candidates who check all your boxes, get a $75 sponsored job credit at Indeed.com/podcast. Need a hiring hero? This is a job for indeed sponsored jobs. We've all tumbled down an internet rabbit hole trying to self-diagnose, and it leaves us more anxious and informed. Our feeds are full of wellness trends, but how do we know what's real, what's exaggerated, and what's just wrong? Health versus hype from the American Medical Association breaks it all down. Emmy-nominated science communicator Trace Dominguez talks to doctors, influencers, and real people trying these trends, not to cancel them, but to understand them. Because when it comes to your health, who you listen to matters, so listen to Health versus hype wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History class. A production of "I Heart Radio." Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and I'm Holly Frye. Back when I went to Philadelphia to see that Marie Lawrence exhibit, I spent some time just walking around that part of the city, one of my favorite things to do, walking around, exploring part of a city. So that exhibition was at the Barnes Foundation, which is on Benjamin Franklin Parkway. And if you've never been to Philadelphia, the Parkway is this broad, tree-lined boulevard that runs a bottom aisle from City Hall to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and it goes diagonally across the grid, like it's just its own thing. There are all kinds of museums and educational and cultural institutions alongside of it, and there's also just a ton of public art. The Association of Public Art has a tour called along the Benjamin Franklin Parkway that includes 30 works of art just in that one mile. And I think all of those 30, we're not talking about art in the museums. These are statues and things outside. One of these, which is in front of the Franklin Institute, is a statue of Francisco de Miranda. And he looks very dashing and determined, and the tale of his coat is kind of billowing around. And there's a plaque that reads Caracas, Venezuela, 1750, Cadiz, La Caraca Prison, 1816. Great soldier of freedom, who participated in the three greatest political upheavals of his time. The struggle for independence in the United States, the French Revolution, and the emancipation of Latin America. And so I obviously was like, who's that guy? Not somebody I'm familiar with. And so he became one of several ideas for future episodes that I jotted down on that day. That included Natalie Clifford Barney. She already became a two-part episode over Valentine's Day. This one also turned into a two-parter, because it turns out some of the things that Francisco de Miranda was connected to are things we have not explained that much on the show before. So, two parts on him, starting today. Francisco de Miranda was born in Caracas, which is the capital of Venezuela, and at the time was considered a part of the viceroyalty of New Granada. His parents were Francisco and Tonya Rodriguez, de Espinoza, and Sebastian de Miranda y Ravelo. Most sources give Francisco's date of birth as March 28th or 29th, 1750, and he was baptized on April 5th of that year. This family was well off. Francisco's father was a successful linen merchant who owned other businesses as well. And Sebastian seems to have been respected by the Spanish authorities in Caracas. But he also ran into disputes with some of the local elite, generally speaking in Spain's colonies in the Americas. People from the Iberian Peninsula or Peninsula are had a higher social standing than Criolos, or people born in the colony. And while there were a lot of intermarriages between people of Spanish, African, and indigenous descent, there was also a focus on the idea of blood purity in Spanish society. In more recent years, historians have argued that earlier descriptions of all this, as a very strict and layered caste system, aren't really accurate, that there was some more fluidity with people of different ancestries able to have some social mobility, depending on their circumstances. Regardless, questions of race and status affected the Miranda family directly. Sebastian, who was from Tenerife in the Canary Islands, became captain of a militia unit, and after he retired from that position, continued to wear his uniform. All of this angered the local Bosch aristocracy. And his retirement seems to have been something he did to try to appease them. Someone eventually alleged that he had African ancestry, and only people with so-called "pure blood", meaning they had no African indigenous, Jewish, or Muslim ancestry, could do things like attain government positions or attend university. Sebastian's efforts to document that he was of pure blood went on for years, and ultimately involved King Carlos III. The King's confirmation of Sebastian's blood purity did not resolve the hostility that he was getting from the Bosch elite, though. Most likely, Francisco and at least five siblings were educated at home when they were young. At the age of 12, Francisco enrolled at the Academy of Santa Rosa, and then in 1765, entered the Royal and Pontifical University of Caracas. He was awarded a bachelor's degree three years later, although there are some questions about whether he actually finished all of his studies before being awarded that degree. From there, Francisco de Miranda wanted to join the Army, with something he decided to do in Spain, rather than Venezuela, because of his father's whole ordeal around that issue of blood purity and the social issue surrounding it. Francisco left in 1771, carrying various letters of support and money to purchase a commission. After arriving in Spain, he became a captain in the Princess's own infantry, and in addition to his military service, he continued to study things like mathematics, languages and humanities. He started to develop a reputation for being well-educated and well-read, and for curating an extensive personal library. That's something that would continue for the rest of his life. He did not really have a reputation for being a good soldier or officer, though. He was originally stationed in various parts of Northern Africa and Indonesia on the Iberian Peninsula, but he kept trying to get a transfer, because he found this boring. He also had a pretty high opinion of himself. He was definitely intelligent. He seems to have had a real knack for learning languages, but beyond that, he just thought he was better than other people, and that he naturally deserved his choice of assignments. Of course, that did not leave a favorable impression on his commanding officers, not generally how things work in most militaries. They wanted him to follow orders, and not try to pick and choose what he wanted to do. But things became a little less boring for him in 1774, when Moroccan forces, backed by the British, attacked Malia on the North African coast. This led to a two-month siege, and Miranda's first real experience in combat. In terms of his overall military service, this siege was not that long. But as it was going on, he started to get a sense of how Spanish colonialism was affecting people's lives in the areas being colonized. his own experience among people of similar standing to his own family in Venezuela. After this siege ended in a victory for Spain, Miranda visited Gibraltar, which was under British control, and he started meeting and forming connections with British people living there, and also hearing about the ongoing unrest that was happening in Britain's colonies in the Americas. His personal study also started to include the works of enlightenment thinkers who really criticized various aspects of Europe's colonial empires. This included works like Estois philosophique du Zindy, which was attributed to Abe Guillaume Thomas right now, and this is somebody that Miranda later met and became friends with. This was an early work of world history that examined the impact of European colonization on the rest of the world, and it included criticisms of the institution of slavery, and the use of religion to subject colonized peoples and nation's own citizens. He also read and absorbed the works of writers like Voltaire and Russo, writers who argued against tyranny and corruption and for liberty and freedom. Many of these writers were strident critics of the Spanish Inquisition, which banned their writings, and because of this, the Inquisition started keeping tabs on Francisco de Miranda. Miranda spent so much time focused on this self-study that he was disciplined for reading too much as well as for insubordination. Some of this was probably the product of his growing focus on these enlightenment ideals, but he also just seems to have been all over the place as a military officer. He was accused of ignoring behavior that should have led to discipline in some cases, but also using severe beatings as a form of discipline in others. He also had a lot of romantic and sexual relationships. That's something else that would continue throughout his life. He chronicled these relationships in detail in his diaries, describing a range of experiences with sex workers and servants, and longer term more intellectual relationships with women that he thought of as educated or witty or respectable. For the most part, his diaries tend to treat these higher status women with more discretion and care than his more casual encounters. A number of biographies of Miranda have characterized him as merely a womanizer and a filanderer. But over the course of his life, he also seemed to recognize how the treatment of women in many societies was unjust, and he saw at least to some extent the kinds of sexual double standards that meant that he and his romantic partners were viewed differently for having the same relationship. He advocated for women to have legal rights and protections, and it's likely that he was personally acquainted with Mary Wollstonecraft during the years of the French Revolution. Yeah, it seems more like he was a filanderer and an advocate for women, right? He's one of those dudes that people might say today. He just loved women in a lot of ways. Also, like a lot of the things that people characterized him for negatively in the 19th century seem to have been viewed not as critically in the 18th century because of changing mores around sex and relationships anyway to move back to the timeline. By 1776, Miranda thought his military career in and around Spain had kind of come to a dead end, and he had also heard that the unrest in Britain's colonies had evolved into a full-fledged revolution. This time, he did get the transfer that he had wanted, and we will get to that after a sponsor break. First thought is like, wow, how are we going to do all this? Hey, everybody. It's Tracy from Stuff You Missed in History class. That's Alan Goya, a planning engineer at AT&T. He's talking about Into It Dome, home of the Los Angeles Clippers, where every seat, green, phone, and transaction is connected with AT&T Fiber and 5G, defining the fans experience. And Alan's master plan made it all possible. It was could arrive on anything that was already built, and that takes quite a bit of people and different teams to all be on the same page. That includes Field Services Manager Drexel Jones. His team made sure it all came together and held up on Game Day. Through what Alan's whole crew designed, we connected the event visitors to the world. And after years of hardworking collaboration, it was opening night. To actually see the whole stadium light up and data is flowing, it's a beautiful thing. What the fans experience, it's incredible. It gave me a lot of pride. AT&T, connecting fans to what they love, connecting changes everything. AT&T. So, you're considering getting a home security system, but you want something that fits your space. Well, with AT&T Blue, it's easy to customize a system that's right for you and set it up yourself. Just pick the kit and monitoring plan that makes sense for your home. Let's say you're worried about package theft. The AT&T+ app can walk you through setting up a new doorbell camera kit once it's installed. AT&T pros can help you keep tabs on it 24/7, or you can manage it yourself from the AT&T+ app. There are no long-term contracts, so you can change your monitoring plan whenever you want. The flexibility doesn't end there. You can add to your system as you need to, with things like extra cameras or motion sensors. Some life decisions are hard, but thanks to AT&T Blue, you can DIY trusted AT&T home security in a snap. Head to ADT.com/BLU to build your system today, and to hear more about home protection and other grown-up topics, check out new episodes of grown-up stuff on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Guess who's back in the house? The old Gays return for season 2 of Silver Linings, their hit podcast from iHeart's Ruby Studio in partnership with Veeve Healthcare. Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert, Mick, Bill, and Jess A have in store this time around. They strut back down memory lane, navigating life, love, loss, and everything that shaped them along the way. And as usual, someone just might break into song. From leather bars to bath houses, dance floors to drag brunch, nothing stays off limits. These are the kinds of insights that can only come from experience. So listen to your elders, honey, and discover the silver linings you can take with you. All sass, zero filter, and decades of perspective from four friends proving that queer joy only gets better with age on the podcast that never gets old. Listen to silver linings available on iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Okay, chicken nugget fans, I've got huge news. The new Burger King chicken nuggets just dropped and they are the crispiest, the juiciest, and the tastiest chicken nuggets ever at Burger King. Burger King heard that a lot of you didn't like the old chicken nuggets, so they got to work and reinvented them. To go along with the new chicken nuggets, a lot of the sauces were reinvented too because better chicken nuggets deserve better sauces. We're talking new Buffalo sauce, honey mustard, sweet and sour, and even a whole new option too, the new special savory sauce, which is only available for a limited time at participating US restaurants. I mean, you need to taste it all for yourself. This new chicken nugget reinvented based on real feedback is made with 100% white meat chicken and is now better than ever. You got to try the new Burger King chicken nuggets and sauces today. For any small business owner, there's a moment when you realize the next hire could be the difference between staying busy and actually growing. 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If you're like me, you probably know that France provided significant assistance to the continental army during the Revolutionary War, including money, troops, ammunition, supplies, and naval support. My American history classes in school got into things like Benjamin Franklin's mission to France to negotiate an alliance and France's key role in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Of course, in more recent years than I was in high school, the Marquitte Lafayette became more of the most memorable characters in the musical Hamilton with the Comte du Rochembeau getting a couple of name drops in that show as well. And then Lin-Manuel Miranda also wrote a Ben Franklin song, alluding to that time in Paris. And that was performed by the decemberists that came out later on. A lot of stuff about France and the Revolutionary War. I did not get a similar story about the assistance that was provided by Spain. One reason for Spain's support of the revolution in North America is that Spain was allied with France and France had allied with the revolution. France and Spain were etrulled by monarchs from the House of Bourbon, and in the 18th century, they signed three separate but similar defensive agreements known as the Pact de Femille. The 1761 agreement was signed during the Seven Years' War, which is, of course, a whole separate topic, but broadly speaking, it didn't work out all that well for either nation. Spain's support didn't make a huge difference to France and Spain lost two of its key ports, Havana and Manila, to the British during the war. When the war ended, Spain was able to regain this territory under the Treaty of Paris in 1763, but to do so, it had to seed Florida to Britain. Spain wanted Florida back, as well as to retake Gibraltar on the southern coast of Spain and Menorca in the Mediterranean Sea, both of which were under British control. Spain had also gained territory in North America. That was the formerly French territory of Louisiana, which Spain gained from France under the secretly signed Treaty of Fontainebleu in 1762. So Spain had an interest in protecting this territory from British expansion and possibly expanding it themselves. So with all that mined on April 12, 1779, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Arranqués, in which Spain agreed to provide military support to France, while France agreed to support Spain's efforts to retake Gibraltar, Menorca, and Florida. Spain declared war on Great Britain on June 21, 1779. Spain did not formally become an ally of the United States, though. Among other things, Spain did not want its involvement in this revolution to encourage revolutionary activity in its own colonies in the Americas. So a lot of Spain's involvement in the Revolutionary War was a little bit less outwardly obvious than something like the French involvement at the Siege of Yorktown. Instead, Spain did things like opening all its ports to the United States ships and engaging the British Navy around places like Gibraltar and Menorca, kind of tying up the Navy somewhere other than the colonies. Spain also provided things like weapons, gunpowder, fabric, for military uniforms and boots, and a lot of that made its way into the United States through Mexico or Cuba. And there was also money. Spain provided financial assistance to France for its efforts in the war and funneled loans to the United States through France and through a fictitious Caribbean trading enterprise called Rodriguez Hotelas in Company. This included critical financial support for the Siege of Yorktown and a loan to pay soldiers in the continental army toward the end of the war. According to the memoirs of Rochembo's treasure, Claude Blanchard, this loan involved so many silver coins that they broke through the floor of the house where they were being stored. Spain also fought against the British in and around territory that it had previously lost to Britain in North America. In 1780, 80 vessels set sail from Spain carrying about 12,000 men to be part of doing this. One of those men was Francisco de Miranda. Shortly after they arrived in Havana, he was assigned to act as aid to camp to General Juan Manuel de Cajigal, Imancerat, who was acting governor of Cuba. Miranda's transfer to Cajigal's service may have been a byproduct of his ongoing issues with military life. He really does seem to have had clear ideas about how things should be done and a very eye opinion of his own abilities and his commanding officer seems to have wanted him out of his hair. But Miranda and Cajigal worked well together. Cajigal gave him some freedom to make his own decisions or figure out for himself how to carry out his orders. So there was just less headbutting and accusations of insubordination. Cajigal eventually secured a promotion from Miranda to Lieutenant Colonel and later recommended him to be promoted to Colonel. Cajigal also praised Miranda's work to Bernando de Galvez, governor of Louisiana and field marshal of Spain's forces in North America. Galvez had started smuggling supplies to the American rebels before Spain had declared war on England. And he planned a military campaign that would give the Spanish control of all the ports around the Gulf of Mexico and up into the Mississippi River, including defending New Orleans and capturing Baton Rouge, Naches, and Mobile from Britain. The culmination of this effort was the capture of Pensacola, which was then the capital of the British territory of West Florida. All of this forced the British to spread out their resources to fight on an additional southern front. And it cut off Britain's access to support and supply lines around the Gulf of Mexico. Many of the men who had originally sailed from Spain had sickened or died from tropical diseases. So they reinforced their numbers with men from Louisiana, Mexico, and Cuba, including enslaved and freed black men. After waiting out hurricane season, this multiracial army departed from Cuba to the mainland in February of 1781, joining up with Galvez's force. They arrived at the Barrier Islands outside Pensacola Bay on March 9th. After one of the ships ran aground, they regrouped and made their way into the bay on March 18th. The battles to capture Pensacola went on for about eight weeks before a Spanish shell hit the powder magazine on May 8th, which destroyed Fort George and forced the British to surrender. Since Miranda was fluent in both English and Spanish, he was one of the people who helped negotiate surrender terms. Spain officially took control of Pensacola on May 10th. This was about four months before the siege of Yorktown, which was the last major land battle of the Revolutionary War. There were still skirmishes on land after Yorktown, though, and the British Navy continued to fight the naval forces of other European powers at sea, including France, the Netherlands, and Spain. But this is usually seen as something of an ending in the war. The Revolutionary War formally ended two years later under the Treaty of Paris in 1783, and Britain also signed separate peace treaties with France and Spain, known as the treaties of Versailles. Under these treaties, Spain regained control of East and West Florida and Menorca, as well as Sacramento. Of course, Spain eventually returned Louisiana to France under another secret agreement in 1800, and the US purchased much of it in 1803. Today, the loss of Pensacola as seen as a turning point in the war, after which Britain thought it might not be possible to win it. In addition to cutting off Britain from the Gulf of Mexico, Galvez's campaign also meant that Britain had lost a colony in this war that was not actually one of the colonies that had rebelled against it. Without Spain's contributions of money, funds, and supplies, and its military efforts along the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere, the Revolutionary War probably would have gone on for a whole lot longer. As a side note, Bernardo de Galvez is the namesake of Galveston, Texas, as well as other places in Texas and Louisiana. And he is only one of eight people in history to have been given honorary US citizenship. That happened in 2014 under public law number 113-22, 19, which described this as an extraordinary honor and called him, quote, "hero of the Revolutionary War who risked his life for the freedom of the United States people and provided supplies, intelligence, and strong military support to the war effort." We will get back to Miranda after another sponsor break. The old Gays returned for season two of silver linings, their hit podcast from IHART's Ruby Studio and partnership with Veeve Healthcare. Just wait until you hear what hosts Robert McBill and Jesse have in store this time around. Listen to silver linings available on IHART Radio App, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. - Okay, chicken nugget fans. I've got huge news. The new Burger King chicken nuggets just dropped. And they are the crispiest, the juiciest, and the tastiest chicken nuggets ever at Burger King. To go along with the new chicken nuggets, a lot of the sauces were reinvented too, because better chicken nuggets deserve better sauces. We're talking new Buffalo sauce, honey mustard, sweet and sour, and even a whole new option too. the new special. savory sauce, which is only available for a limited time at participating U.S. restaurants. This new chicken nugget, reinvented, based on real feedback, is made with 100% white meat chicken, and is now better than ever. You gotta try the new Burger King chicken nuggets and sauces today. For any small business owner, there's a moment when you realize the next tire could be the difference between staying busy and actually growing. That's where Indeed Sponsored Jobs comes in. That's millions of businesses turning to Indeed to help solve hiring challenges and find people who can help drive results, spend less time searching, and more time actually interviewing candidates who check all your boxes, less stress, less time, more results. Get your $75 Sponsored Job Credit today at Indeed.com/podcast, terms and conditions apply. Liveright, publishers of John New Bacon's New York Times Best Seller, The Gales of November, a chronicle of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald's 1975 shipwreck. Never has it been told better than by Mr. Bacon in this colorful book, writes John J. 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Because when it comes to your health, who you listen to matters, start asking better questions and listen to help versus hype on the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. After the capture of Pensacola, Spanish forces took the opportunity to resupply some of it by looting and commandeering, but also by making actual purchases. Francisco de Miranda bought at least 24 books in English to add to his personal library. They also purchased at least three enslaved African people. Some historians have interpreted this as an attempt at benevolence, basically trying to ensure these people safety and provide them with a better life than they might have had otherwise. But he also later sold these people to someone else, and at one point also accepted an enslaved person that someone gave him as a gift. In reality, Miranda had grown up in a slave society. His father had enslaved at least seven people during his youth, and he just doesn't seem to have been thinking about the issue very deeply at this point. Although Miranda later became connected to vocal abolitionists, the abolition of slavery was never really a focal point in his revolutionary ideas. And at first, this was probably still a byproduct of just not putting a lot of thought into it. But later, after the Haitian revolution, it was also out of fear of sparking another similar uprising among enslaved Africans in the places that he wanted to liberate. He did advocate for the rights of free black people in a lot of contexts, but he just really does not seem to have considered what things like freedom and liberation could mean in the context of societies that were so deeply connected to the enslavement of African and indigenous peoples, or like really what it would take to achieve those ideals in that context. In August of 1781, General Juan Manuel de Cajigal sent Miranda to Jamaica to negotiate a prisoner exchange and to make discrete inquiries about whether Spain might be able to purchase British ships and supplies there. Miranda successfully negotiated for the release of 900 prisoners and arranged for their transport back to Cuba. Although he had a history of rubbing his own military superiors the wrong way, he was also described as extremely charming, and he convinced the British governor and Jamaica to give him free reign to go wherever he wanted. So on top of making those requested discrete inquiries, he also took detailed notes about the British presence on Jamaica, including the fortifications, troops, and ships to deliver back to the Spanish. He also wanted to take the opportunity to continue to improve his English, so he bought some more English language books for his library, and he paled around with various English officials in Jamaica. While he had made those inquiries discreetly, he wasn't really as discreet when it came to talking about what was happening with Spain's forces in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. It might seem a little weird that he was either intentionally or by accident revealing Spanish secrets to the British while fighting against the British in the Revolutionary War. At this point, Miranda was also starting to think about bringing a revolution to Spanish America, and in that war, Britain could be a potential ally. When Miranda returned to Havana after either intentionally working as a double agent or just being a little too loose-lipped, he was immediately questioned about all of those meetings with the British, as well as other various intrigues that he had gotten into, like trying to secure some naval vessels for Cajigal, claiming they would be sailing under a flag of truce as a prisoner war transport, while really intending to add them to the fleet. He also might have done a little light smuggling. Galvez, who had never thought as highly of Miranda as Cajigal did, ordered his arrest and a formal investigation. Cajigal got him released, and soon after, in August of 1782, Miranda fled from Havana. After spending some time in hiding, he traveled to the United States aboard an American ship called the Prudent in 1783. By that point, the Spanish government considered him to be a conspirator against the crowned. Cajigal was caught up in Miranda's intrigues, as well, and was eventually forced to go to Spain to try to clear his own name. This doesn't really seem to have tarnished his relationship with Miranda, though. Much later, in April of 1800, it would be Cajigal who wrote to Miranda to inform him that King Carlos III had cleared him of all of these charges. Miranda's ship landed in Newburn, North Carolina, in June of 1783, just a few months before the Treaty of Paris officially ended the Revolutionary War, and he spent the next year and a half traveling through the newly independent United States. He kept a detailed diary of his travels, covering everything from the names of the notable people he met, to the social and religious customs of different areas, to the governments and systems people were in the process of establishing. Some of this seemed pretty strange to him, like in some areas that he passed through, he was criticized for doing things like playing music on Sunday. A lot of Protestants in North America saw the Sabbath as a day of contemplative rest while the Sabbath and Catholic Venezuela had been more festive and celebratory. He was particularly fascinated by the Quaker communities that he visited in Pennsylvania, and how different their religious and cultural practices were than anything he'd really experienced elsewhere. He was also particularly impressed with how often he saw elected leaders and other elites, meeting, conversing, and sharing meals with more common people. That was something that seemed more egalitarian to him than the more hierarchical ways that things had worked in Venezuela or Spain. During this tour, Miranda met seemingly every major figure of the American Revolution, and had lengthy conversations with them about the Revolution, the War, and the government they were establishing. He met George Washington for dinner in Philadelphia, and after meeting Alexander Hamilton, started a regular correspondence with him that would last for the rest of Hamilton's life. In Boston, he met Samuel Adams and Henry Knox, and at some point, he also met poet Phyllis Wheatley. It's likely that Miranda had been thinking about the idea of starting a revolution in Spanish America for some time before this, but he wrote that in New York, he "formed a project for the liberty and independence of the entire Spanish-American continent." In April of 1784, Miranda. received word that he had been sentenced for deserting the Spanish military, including being fined and stripped of his commission. He was also sentenced to exile, although at that point he hadn't been in Spanish territory for almost a year. That meant though that he couldn't legally return. On December 15th, 1784, he set sail for London, and we're going to get into that part of the story next time. Before we move on to next time, tomorrow, the next day, whatever day you're listening, I have listener mail, hooray! This listener mail is from Jennifer, who wrote after we did a six impossible episodes about etiquette manuals, Jennifer said, "Hi, Holly and Tracy, I started listening to your podcast a few years ago when my sister and her family were staying here with me and my parents. My mom, my sister and I love to cross stitch, and we began gathering around the living room table to work on our projects and listen to podcasts. Recently, while listening to the etiquette manual episode, my mother and I both thought of Mark Twain. My dad is obsessed with his work, so it's been a major part of our lives growing up. He wrote a short piece in letters from the Earth called "From an Unfinished Burlesque of Books on etiquette," which made fun of several poorly written etiquette manuals in common circulation at the time. The second section at a fire is my personal favorite. If you've never read it, we highly recommend it. It is still hilarious all these years later. It includes several of the elements you described in actual etiquette manuals, such as example texts and scenarios, but all with Twain's particular deadpan exaggeration added. As pettax, I've included pictures of Delilah, our five-year-old gray kitty. She hates getting her picture taken, so I apologize for the if-equality. And Cleo, the bangle belonging to one of our close friends who came by on a visit a few weeks ago. Thank you so much for all of the joy you bring to our lives, kindest regards, Jennifer. Thank you so much, Jennifer, for this email. Number one, I have not heard of this work by Mark Twain. I am definitely going to look into it, but I have not as of now. We have a picture. A black kitty cat, all four paws up in the air and the front paws curled over so cute. Next picture, yes, this bangle is very eager to, it looks like jump on top of a washing machine or a dryer, which is, you know, super appropriate thing for cats to do, jump up on top of things, and then also we've got some pictures of under, under a piece of furniture, including the flash from the camera or just the light from the camera causing glowing cat eyes. I love all of these pictures. I love learning that there was a satire by Mark Twain about a kit manual, that sounds great. So thank you so much for sending this email. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast for a history podcast at iHeartRadio.com, and we're on social media, kind of at missed in history on most of the places, and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in history class is a production of iHeartRadio. 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