Currency Chaos in Argentina (Summer School)

This is Planet Money from NPR. Welcome back everyone to Planet Money Summer School World Tour, the only international economics degree that studies the flows of capital, goods and lost luggage. I'm Robert Smith. On Wednesday this summer we are visiting a different continent, listening to some classic Planet Money case studies and figuring out the economic lessons we can bring back home. I hope you pack to sweater today because where we're going, it is winter in August. Argentina. Where the tango is smooth, the soccer is aggressive and the monetary policy is a cautionary tale. Nobel Prize winning economist Simon Kuznetz once said, "There are four sorts of countries, developed, underdeveloped, Japan and Argentina." The point of the observation is that there's nothing in world history quite like the rise and fall and rise and fall and fall and rise of Argentina. In 1910 it was one of the richest countries on earth. The people there had more wealth per person than France or Germany. Argentina had natural resources, a cultural capital to rival Paris and dreams of being a superpower, but it wasn't going to happen. Argentina became instead a country of lost hopes. As one government after another made economic and political choices that erased much of the wealth over the last hundred years, entire books have been written about what happened to the Argentinian economy. Here's a quick and simplified recap in 35 seconds. The challenges started with a military coup in 1930. That ushered in decades of political instability. There was another coup, and one of the plotters, Juan Perone, was elected in 1946 as a populist. He empowered unions, manufacturing, nationalized the railroads, and started to spend away the money reserves of the country. After another coup, Argentina fell into a cycle. Governments that would spend wildly raising wages, creating inflation, and then came budget cutting, and recessions, and unemployment. The country was yo-yoing between crises, coups, debt defaults, and then in 2001, the big one, the economy collapsed. We'll talk about the economic lessons later in the show, but I wanted you to understand how traumatic this was for the people who lived there, a personal story. NPR reporter Jasmine Garz grew up in Argentina during this time, 2001, and she watched the collapse happen as a young woman. Here are a few minutes of Jasmine's story. There's this one memory I have of my country coming apart. To this day, I think about it more often than I like to admit. It's the memory of this young man. I saw him on TV. He was protesting outside the presidential palace, not far from where I used to live. This guy, he's a kid. He must have been like in his early 20s, and he's been dragged away by cops. And as they're taking him, he screams. We're dying of starvation. They're starving us. And then he yells his name. It was December 2001, and here in a nutshell is how the country reached its breaking point. A brutal dictatorship ruled over Argentina in the 70s and early 80s. During that time, foreign debt increased fivefold. Add to that decades of disastrous economic and monetary policies ramping corruption in the 90s, that's just a few of the things that led to this totally unsustainable situation. People started going hungry. Hospitals started having shortages. It got so bad, groups of people started busting into supermarkets, grabbing whatever they could eat and running. The morning the government declared a state of siege, I was watching the news when the broadcast was interrupted by an official announcement from the president. The president was basically saying some of our rights were no longer guaranteed. No moving freely in public spaces, no gathering in groups, you could be arrested without explanation and militarized police were deployed. And the response from the police was brutal. They showed up and whipped people. They shot at them, elderly people, women, minors. It didn't matter. Eventually protesters ran the president out of office. For the next month or so, we would get four more presidents. That was Jasmine Garts from her Planet Money episode and podcast, The Last Cup, her family left Argentina soon after that 2001 crisis. The 25 years since have seen much of the same sort of political and economic troubles in Argentina. Today, on summer school, we will focus on how economic turmoil, especially inflation, can affect everyday people. Trying to save money, or work a job, or run a business. And there's a big lesson here to take home. One of the most important things you need in an economy is stability. The ability to plan what your money will buy tomorrow or next month. What are the rules for businesses? Without stability, well, we'll show you the lengths people go to just to survive. Coming up, we'll meet our guest summer school professor and see what happens when your currency is so unstable that you have to invent different kinds of money just to get a ban like Coldplay to perform a concert after the break. All right, class, back from the break. Each week on summer school, we bring in a professor to give us the big picture concepts about the country we're visiting. And today, we have Sebastian Galeani, the Weatherhead Presidential Chair in Economics at Tulane University, and a proud Argentine, by the way. Hey, professor. Hey, nice to be here. I was hoping that we'd have a little bit of good news for our trip to Argentina during this lesson, but I suppose that people in Buenos Aires will still be crying about their loss in the final of the World Cup. People will be crying for four years, really, until the next World Cup. I just have more of a view at the end of the day. One game you can win, you can lose. It's what it is. It is what it is. That could be the motto of Argentina for this episode. I know that you have studied and lived the economic history of Argentina, and written about how there are very different political factions there. One group wants free trade and openness and wants to interact with the world. And the other political faction wants to protect the country, protect labor unions, build up manufacturing, local products, be self-sufficient. We have these same disagreements in the US, but how does this result in these unique economic problems for Argentina? Yeah, it's a good question. One group gets to power, goes in one direction, and another group gets to power, goes in another direction. And that creates a highly volatile country. Not only that, one group, the one that tries to make the economy modern and integrated to the world, is appealing to the world. So when they are in power, many people want to invest in Argentina. But unfortunately, the other side, when they get into power, they undo all the reforms and they expand the state and they spend a lot. And so the economy has been bouncing between these two groups and these two styles of political economy over decades now. And that creates a constant volatility, I imagine, where it's hard to play out an economy. And that political instability becomes an unstable currency, unstable debt levels, unstable business climate. Oh, yeah. Let's get one example. So suppose you are someone in the upper middle class in Argentina, and you earn the same as someone in the upper middle class in Chile. But in Chile, that person can buy a house with a mortgage to 30-year mortgage. So a fixed rate, 30-year mortgage, where what you pay every month is relatively predictable. Yeah. In Argentina, you can't because there's not such thing because of the volatility. And that makes a whole difference. Statistics may say, yeah, they are equally wealthy, but the people in Chile live much better, much better, right? Because there are many things that are not captured in those statistics. And of course, many personal stories that are also not captured in those statistics. We will try to tell you those personal stories today. Our next stop in the timeline of Argentina is 2022, just a few years ago. Severe inflation is starting to rise again, and yeah, we all complain about inflation. But in Argentina at this time, prices were doubling every year. Students, as you listen to the story, think about what it would be like if you had no idea what your paycheck would be able to buy next week. How would you plan a purchase or vacation? And of course, with all that inflation, exchange rates, the amount of dollars you can get with an Argentinian peso, are also unstable. Would you be able to even leave the country? Find out many hosts, Jeff Gow and Amanda Aronchick, talk to one person trying to plan their life in Argentina in 2022. Just a note, because everything is changing so fast, the numbers you will hear in this story are just for 2022. The economy in Argentina is so chaotic that everyone there has become an amateur economist. You can call it pretty much anyone to find out what they're doing to outrun this chaos. My name is Lucas Babick, B-A-B-I-C. Lucas is in his early 40s. He's a freelance video editor. And I'll admit, I just found him through some guy who wrote into Planet Money. Lucas is originally from Brazil, but he's lived in Argentina for 30 years. I've been suffering Argentina since '92, okay? And why do you stay? Because Argentina is awesome, like, for real. But everything is wrong with this place, like everything is wrong with Argentina. And one of the biggest things that's wrong, according to Lucas, is that you can't trust the peso. So, like a lot of people in the country, he stashes away U.S. dollars. If you can, like, hold on, like, a grudge to dollars in Argentina, yes, you're rich. Also, I'm not rich, but yes, I do have, like, $500 in my shoebox, like Jay-Z said it. You've got to start with the shoebox. So, Lucas and I are talking over Zoom at mid-sentence. I'm really, like, standing up and going away. I'm sorry. Okay, Lucas is, like, wandered away. But, like, for you, this is my shoebox. Lucas, what are you saving the American dollars for? I hold this thing because this is not going to devalue it. $10 is going to still be $10, bro. I can live, like, a week and a half with this. Just this. Next, he picks up some Argentine money. This is a thousand pesos. Lucas waves it at me and he's kind of like, what can I buy with this? I can go to McDonald's and buy, like, a really big combo with, like, bacon and cheese and, like, for real, like, a big combo on McDonald's is I'm not going to be able to pay it with a thousand pesos. I got to go with two of this. He shakes his sad peso. And in a year or two, he might need to take three or four of these thousand peso bills to go get that combo meal. Because inflation might hit 100%. And what Lucas wants to buy with his pesos, it's not combo meals. It's more US dollars to a stash in his shoebox. And this is where the story gets kind of weird because buying dollars is not straightforward. The Argentine government controls foreign exchange transactions because they don't want US dollars to run off and leave Argentina. Okay, so here we go. There is an official rate. So if Lucas wants to play by the rules, he can go to a bank and buy dollars. But the government says there's a limit. No more than $200 a month. And this is going to cost Lucas a lot because they add on a 75% tax. Instead, what most people do is go to one of these not really legal, but they're kind of everywhere places known as quevas or caves. These have a different exchange rate than the bank. No $200 limit, no 75% tax to get dollars this way. That's what we call the blue dollar, okay? It's still an American dollar. It's not like literally blue. The blue dollar just means you bought it on the black market. Lucas says that if you've got a guy, you might even be able to get a better deal. I have a friend like he's giving me a pretty elaborate wink. I have a friend that will give me more money for this bill. So there is the official rate, black market rate. You got a friend rate. But then on top of that, there are these other rates, which like the official rate are set by the government. There's one for buying stocks and bonds. There's another for using a credit card. There are more than a dozen of these different rates. Some even have cute names like the soy dollar or the tech dollar. Now at this point in Lucas's explanation, he's kind of fuming. He's also literally fuming. I'm watching him chain smoke three cigarettes in a row. And you know what? Coldplay. Coldplay is coming towards Intina. They're going to come towards Intina and play their songs that I hate like boring or whatever. But there is a coldplay dollar. Can you believe it? The cold play dollar. Coldplay is supposed to play 10 shows in Argentina. Lucas says he will not be there. And cold play, well, the band doesn't want to be paid in quickly devaluing pesos. But the show promoters, they need to pay cold play, probably in dollars, and a lot more than the 200 that they're officially allowed to get each month. So the government set up a special exchange rate for promoters so they can pay international talent. And I guess that describes cold play. Basically, the Argentine government is using all these different rules and rates to fix problems like with the cold play dollar. But more importantly, they're doing this as a way to keep scarce dollars from leaving the country. And to try to prevent their peso from collapsing. Now for Lucas, these like a lot of people in Argentina right now, hit by rising inflation, a shrinking peso, a rising dollar. You have to really work it out like to get to the end of the month. You have to really, really, really work it out to get to pay the rent and the light and the water and your phone. Which is also what the government of Argentina is now doing. Try and work it out because most of their bills, billions of dollars of debt need to be paid back in dollars. And with the value of the US dollar so high, it makes it that much harder to pay all those debts back. In Argentina's government, their shoebox is looking pretty empty. Just like Lucas, they still need to pay for their phone and their water. And they want to keep the lights on. Amanda Ranchick and Jeff Gwell from 2022. After the story aired, the inflation did get worse. The government tried even harder to control the exchange rates. A lot of these rules and exchange rates changed. And Argentines would elect a new president to try to fix it. But we'll get to that in a moment. First, let's talk about how sometimes trying to make the money more stable can have the opposite effect. I want to invite back in our professor for the day, Sebastian Galliani from Tulane University. Hey, Sebastian. Great to be here. Sebastian, when I was listening to the story, it just it just felt like so much work, all those different exchange rates, the shoebox, trying to keep the value of a currency from disappearing. Money is supposed to be boring and stable. This seems exhausting. It might look exhausting for someone that that don't live in such an economy. And I'm not saying it's not a bad thing. I'm just saying that if you are someone my age, you've been through so many of these ups and downs because then it came the the opposite situation where things stabilize and you want to get rid of the dollars, right? Because the peso is going to appreciate it. And somehow people more or less understand things and know what they have to do. It's not the first time they go through that. Of course, it's not just the inflation. It's also what the government is trying to do to control that inflation, to control the value of the peso, control who gets the good exchange rate, control who gets dollars. Economists call this technique capital controls. Now, pesos are printed by the Argentinian government, so they have some influence. But these capital controls never seem to work for a country. Why is that? Well, it doesn't work because obviously when you put a price that is below the market equilibrium, there's a lot of buyers and soon you get out of what you are selling, which is dollars, right? But at the end, it's going to collapse, right? So they are very ineffective, but there is a lot of corruption around that because now you decide. Coldplay has a good dollar. Lola Palazza didn't go that dollar and I know that well because they hired me to advise them how to preserve the value of the peso in Argentina. Lola Palazza, the concert tour, is that what you're talking about? Yeah, yeah, yeah. They didn't have the same dollar as Coldplay, so they stayed with pesos and they didn't know what to do and they didn't want the peso to devaluate and they cannot go to the serious film. They cannot go to the black market to buy dollars, so they have to keep it in pesos and we're seeing what's the best investment in pesos, so that's what I got to know about this. It is so funny to be that in Argentina, it is so complicated that a company who wants to bring a concert tour there has to hire their own economist. Yeah, yeah. Of course, the outcome of all these currency systems is really to make the government even more powerful because everyone who wants to do business has to go to the government to beg for their own perfect, great exchange rates. Right, right. The government became very powerful and that's why I say there is a lot of corruption around that because the government don't decide this just using formula or criteria, some logic. It's all about I'm going to sell you dollars cheap. This is what or the cost. In other words, what the government says goes. And this is one of the biggest lessons from Argentina's history. You can make your money appear stable by forcing everyone to use all these different exchange rates. But the real way to stability is to run a country that is growing, where people are working, and you're making things the world wants. Stable countries create stable money. We will rejoin our professor in a moment with a third story from Argentina. We talk about how inflation affects people saving money at home in a shoebox, but what happens when you have a business trying to sell the shoes themselves and the box, when all your costs keep changing, what do you do? Let's just say we are going to need a lot of price tags after the break. Okay, class, we are back with our third case study and a little tango lesson. Not the actual steps, unfortunately, it's hard to teach ballroom on an audio podcast, but a tango lesson about economics. In 2023, a year after our last story, inflation in the country got even worse for the shoebox holders of Argentina. And so, planet money hosts Amanda Aronchick and Erica Barras flew to the country. This was also the year of a presidential election in Argentina, and one of the candidates Caviar Malay was promising drastic changes to the economy, more on him in just a moment. We talked earlier about how everyone in Argentina has to act like an economist. And that is what Erica and Amanda found. As you listen to this case study, students, think about how much time everyone is wasting trying to deal with inflation. When Erica and Amanda flew to Argentina, it just so happened there was a tango competition in town. It really happens a lot in Argentina, and so that is where they start their story. When we walk into the competition, there are nine couples on stage, all dressed very formally, men in dark suits, the women in gold, lame, dark red velvet, black satin. We are here to meet one dancer in particular. Her name is Sia Date. Hi! Hi! Nice to meet you. Sia works in tech in India, and late last year she sold a company she founded. She decided she could afford to spend a few months on this thing that she loves, tango. So now she is part of the first couple to ever represent India at this competition. Sia is finished dancing for the day, and she wants to run a few tango-related errands in town, and we decide to tag along with her in her Uber. The first thing we are going to do is go see a shoe seller, tango shoes of course. We are going to Nio Tango. It is one of the more popular ones among my Indian friends, and my teacher back home has sent me a list of designs that she wants, and asked me to go and buy it for her. Like everyone else in this country, Sia has been watching the dramatic drop in value of the peso over the last few weeks. People here watch the exchange rate between the dollar and the peso, as you might watch the weather forecast, checking a few times a day, treating it as a barometer of the overall economic health of the country. When Sia first arrived in June, one US dollar was worth about 490 pesos. Two months later, one US dollar is worth more than 700 pesos. Sia planned her shoe shopping, knowing her dollars were only going to go up in value. We are going to go visit the shoe seller because we want to know how a small business deals with a currency in the free fall. But we start to see things immediately, even before we get to Nio Tango. Like on our car ride, we get in, start chatting with the driver, his name is Juan Pablo Gospina Gomez, and I ask him the question we plan to ask pretty much everyone we meet here. When the peso starts to get devalued, what do you have to do differently? I have to find another job. It will be complicated for Juan Pablo to find another job because he's already got three. He's weekend Uber driving, selling Natura products, which are kind of like a mom but from Brazil. And then there is his main job. I work with you. You probably know these brands that I'm going to tell you. Oreo? Oreo? The cookie? Miica. Oh yeah, I know Milka. I love Milka bars. I work with them. Okay. What do you do for them? I work with customer service. So if I have a complaint about my Oreo, I call you for sure. Or if I'm happy about my little bar, I can also call you. Who has complaints about Oreos, never mind. Oreos, always good, always. We all briefly celebrate the Oreo. I mean, come on, what a cookie. Also, turns out, not a bad job. Thankfully, I am working in a good company, so like the inflation and stuff is like not so hard for me. There are other people that are like, suffering more or having more trouble to get to the end of the month. Sia is listening to all this. And she gets stuck on what inflation means if you have a regular job and paycheck. She jumps in with the question. Is Oreo also our just your salary based on inflation? Or yes, because inflation is like 10%. He's talking about monthly inflation. In August, it was over 12%. They increase our salaries at least three times per year. This is wild to me. Inflation is so ordinary here, many employers promise regular raises. Otherwise, their worker's standard of living would just drop and drop and drop. Getting a raise, two or three times a year, it's pretty normal. And just if you work for a big company, it works this way for a lot of government employees too. Which is unsustainable. The government is essentially printing money to fund those raises and printing money causes more inflation. We pull up to the address. Does it look open? Yes. It's open. Yeah. Amazing. We say goodbye to Juan Pablo and Sia Erick and I walk up to a very shishee boutique. We get buzzed in and there are shelves and shelves of strappy high heels. And not only are they three inches high, Sia reveals a tango secret. For tango shoes, I have to buy shoes two sizes smaller than what I actually wear. Why? Because it's supposed to be tighter than regular shoes because it's supposed to be like an extension of your foot. So it's actually really painful in the beginning and then they kind of open up a little bit. Yeah. Oh my shoes that are too small for your feet. It's going to be painful. Good for. I still can't get over that. Sia finds what she's looking for and goes up to pay. Yes. How much is it going to cost? $69. $69. $69? Okay. And what would it be in pesos? $49,000. Pesos. Okay. 49,000 pesos. In a country where the largest denomination is 2,000 pesos, people sometimes end up walking around with very, very large stacks of bills, just to buy regular things like a pair of shoes. And businesses sometimes have stashes of different currencies on hand, like Juan Pablo Viganotti, the guy selling us the shoes. Would he accept dollars and pesos? Yes. Tea. Okay. No sauce. Y euros. Okay. And euros. And euros. He has dollars and euros in addition to pesos because the store caters to both a local crowd and an international one. This business still has a lot to contend with because of the peso. The shoes they sell are assembled in Argentina, but some of the materials they're made with are imported. So if those imported materials stay the same price as the peso falls in value, they become more expensive. And that means Neotango has to raise their shoe prices. How often is the price changing? Ultimately, for at least a month, he says lately, at least once a month, and in two weeks, three times. You had to change the price three times in the last two weeks, and you were changing it to go up or to go down, always go up, never down. Now inflation has been a problem in Argentina for a long time. So his store is used to raising prices. But in August, the peso really took a hit. It happened after this far right presidential candidate, Javier Malay unexpectedly came out ahead in a primary election. People freaked out. There was a run on dollars. The peso got devalued and inflation spiked. When that happened, some store owners just stopped selling their stuff. It was too chaotic. They had no idea what price to charge. And that is what led Neotango to raise their prices three times in the last two weeks. Talking about how much the peso has fallen recently, Juan Pablo says that sometimes it's scary to have one value come out, and then it changes the next week. And then the next week. He goes on to say it's surprising. But in the middle, he makes a big gesture like, what are you going to do, man? This, we've come to learn, is a very Argentinian response. People are sort of like, it's Argentina. We're used to it. Amanda Ranchick and Erica Barras from 2023. As they mentioned, their trip to Argentina coincided with the run up to a presidential election there. right candidate that they mentioned, Javier Malay, eventually won. had vowed to slash the budget in Argentina, even appeared on stage with a chainsaw to demonstrate how harsh he would be. He said the peso had become hopeless and talked about replacing the peso with the American dollar. Literal American money circulating in Argentina. You've heard how frustrated Argentines were with their economy. They wanted something dramatic and they gave Malaya shock. We'll talk with our professor about how it's working after the break. Alright everyone, phones down, pencils ready, the bell is about to ring so we're going to hurry up and get our lessons from Argentina. The story we've been telling is not just a sad song like a tango. It's a demonstration about how something that might seem obscure, like exchange rates, can really reach into all of our lives every single day. Here in 2026 in Argentina, President Javier Malaya has slowed inflation. Big news, prices are still going up, sure, but at only around 30% a year. That number would get you booted out of office in the US, but it is relatively low inflation for Argentina. The way Malaya did it, though, was divisive. He radically cut the government and that was painful for a lot of people. Massive layoffs, businesses closed. President Malaya also got rid of many of the restrictions on buying and selling dollars. Rather than trying to keep the peso artificially strong, he let the value go down. The government kept some control over the official exchange rate, a floor and a ceiling, but a lot of the value of the peso is now controlled by supply and demand. Let's welcome back our professor one last time, Sebastian Galiani. Hey Sebastian. So we saw this story how the shoe store had to keep changing prices. Economists have a term for this. They call it menu costs, which comes from the world of restaurants, I guess, where it'd be a huge pain if you had to print a new menu every time prices change. But this is menu costs for the entire economy. What's the practical effect of having to change your price tags all the time? Well, there are many practical effects. I think the one that is really, really bad for the economy is that this destroys competition because think that different stores may want to compete by offering lower prices. But the problem is that for that, customers need to know, okay, this store has a lower price than that store. But if prices change every day, that's through one day, that's not through another day. So those incentive to compete through prices are very distorted. And I think that's very bad. And a few in the business that imports what they sell like like shoes. I imagine that sometimes you stop carrying products altogether. It is impossible to buy shoes from China one week. If you don't even know if you can make a profit on them the next week. One of the things that have been in highly volatile economy is that many, many markets disappear. It's interesting. So many of the Argentines we heard from today shrug their shoulders and said, eh, what are you going to do about it? But eventually they did do something about it. They elected this libertarian economist, Javier Malay to the presidency. And he promised shock therapy. And the inflation rate did come down. I mentioned how he loosened the restrictions on the exchange rates. But what else did he do that was crucial? Got the fiscal deficit. And the store basically printed money to finance the deficit. Stopped printing money. The economic term for what Malay did is austerity. That is, he cut government programs, government employment, government pays, government subsidies. And at first, this had a really dramatic effect. The country slipped deeper into recession. Unemployment shot up. But since he started doing it, things have stabilized. I think the unemployment rate in Argentina right now is between seven and eight percent, not the worst. So the changes were dramatic. But the economy seems better than it has been. Yes. And in part, it's because inflation is also a tax, right? There's inflation tax that people pay. And when you cut inflation, you are given that tax back to society. So it's not as hard as it seems. If you were doing the same fiscal assessment at an inflation rate that is five percent or ten, that will be much, much harder hit in the population. Yes. So you're saying that because inflation was so high and it so distorted everything in the economy, it also gave Malay room to make these drastic changes. There was one drastic change that Malay has not done yet. And that was to get rid of the peso altogether and use the American dollar as the currency for the whole country, which does solve all those exchange rate problems, if everyone's using the dollar. But he hasn't tried it yet. Like, will he do this? Is this the final thing that can stabilize Argentina? No, I think that's not a good idea because you lose all the flexibility when you have real shocks. And real shocks happen in this war. We are in a period in where the war is reshaping, it's new war order because of the rise of China and the United States not being any more the sole superpower. And in that war, the last thing you want to do is to lose real exchange flexibility. So the lesson we've learned today is that flexibility is good, volatility is bad. We're asking all of our professors this season to offer some advice from their country that we can use back in the United States. This is hard with Argentina because it is such a unique situation. But professor, what lesson can we learn from all of this? I think cutting the fiscal deficit is key in the United States. United States is running very large fiscal deficit. And this is something that is very bad for the superpower because superpower has to have, again, fiscal flexibility, fiscal space. If you have to solve a crisis in Iran or in Taiwan, it can be just, we can't be the superpower because we cannot sell our bonds. That's where you stop for sure the superpower. So Argentina waited until it was a real crisis before they cut their deficit. You're saying to me, is don't wait. Don't wait until your inflation is 30% a year, 40% a year, 100% a year before you do the right thing. Right. You say I have these two principles, right? Volatility is bad, flexibility is good. And the third one is, don't wait the market to make the assessment. So do it while you could do it in an orderly way. Yeah. Okay, students, we have covered a lot of ground today. We're just going to remind you of the concepts that might be on the test at the end of the semester. Yes, we have a test. Yes, you can get a diploma. We talked about the impacts of volatility, how hard it is to run a business when you can't predict even basic things about what will happen next month, like the value of the money in your savings account. We also discussed capital controls, which is when a country just passes laws to restrict money going into and out of the country trying to stabilize things. And usually, it doesn't work. Another way to try to combat inflation is austerity. When a government dramatically cuts its spending, still remains to be seen if this is the answer for Argentina. I want to thank our professor today, Sebastian Gagliani, who teaches economics at Tulane University. And as we learned, advised Lollapalooza. Thanks so much for our Argentinian lesson. It was a pleasure. When you're telling your story about Argentina, it always makes me think about the big questions in economics. Like, what is money? Anyway, is it a collective delusion? We did write a book with the answers to that question. It's called Planet Money, a guide to the economic forces that shake your life. And hey, if you live somewhere that is trying out a new economic idea or habit the rest of the world should know about, perhaps your country uses many different currencies. Maybe you had a government that actually fixed inflation. Get in touch with us and tell us about an idea the world should know about. Our email address is Planet Money at npr.org and put summer school in the subject. We might use your idea on our final episode. Summer school is produced by Sophia Poliza Carr and Skyler Swenson. It's edited by Alex Goldmark and fact-checked by Sierra Wildes. The show is engineered by Jimmy Keely. I'm Robert Smith, also the host of a new podcast called Business History. Guess what it's about. Look it up. This is npr. Thanks for listening. Phew, we've been around the world and back. I hope you haven't lost any of your luggage. Next up, we're heading over to South Korea on our Planet Money World Tour. Our question of our stop there will be, how do countries move up the value chain? Next up on Planet Money Summer School World Tour. Episodes come out every Wednesday.