Could mRNA Give Us a Cancer Vaccine?

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HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has said the process wasn't tested enough despite the largest successful vaccine rollout in human history taking place, by the way, under his boss President Trump. Well now, mRNA vaccines are getting some exciting press once again. Earlier this month, the FDA approved an mRNA flu vaccine. And yesterday, the drug maker's Merck and Moderna announced a successful trial of a new vaccine that helped guard cancer survivors against repeat cases. The question now is, not just are we on the verge of new mRNA vaccines, but could they be giving us vaccines for cancer? Let's go to Dr. Michael Posto. He's the chief of the melanoma service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. He's one of the doctors that was part of this clinical trial. Dr. Posto, first up, this was from melanoma, right? Very deadly skin cancer. What is this drug and how does it work? Thank you for your interest in the story. We're thrilled with the results of this phase three study that have been reported on top line information so far. This drug is something called entizmarin, and it's a personalized cancer therapeutic vaccination strategy where a patient's tumor is used as a blueprint to make their own individual vaccine. And the idea is that if we can just steer the immune response directly to the tumor cells that are abnormal, then in theory, that would be the exact type of response we want to eliminate the residual tumors that might be within a patient that we can't see. And what that actually means for patients in this trial, these patients had high risk melanoma. It was surgically removed, and the vaccine in combination with another drug called ketruta was shown to reduce the risk of these patients having recurrent melanoma in the future compared to ketruta alone. This is a huge advance for us. I've heard of ketruta before in that it was described as a game changer in terms of managing melanoma. This seems like what you add a vaccine to the mix, and you can really keep the melanoma from coming back. That seems like a huge deal. It's a huge deal. ketruta by itself has already been shown to reduce the risk of melanoma coming back after surgery. Now we have an additional therapy on top of ketruta that has shown to further reduce the risk of melanoma coming back after surgery for high risk melanoma. So this is an additional benefit on top of the benefit ketruta already afforded in this particular space. How important is it that this was an mRNA vaccine? Like, could you have done this with a different vaccine or was this technology the only way you could make something like this? It's an open question how critical is the mRNA constructs specifically in this approach? This is very different than other types of mRNA vaccinations like the COVID vaccines as we had spoken about. Those are off the shelf vaccines where the same kind of vaccine is given to everybody. In this particular approach, each individual patient has their own construct made for themselves. So it's the ultimate personalized type of a strategy. And we believe that mRNA vaccines are particularly immunogenic as well that create these favorable immune responses against cancer in this particular context. So we think that this is really going to be an important type of platform for not only our patients with melanoma but ideally patients with other types of cancers as well. That's interesting the mRNA of it all because I remember as they were rolling at the COVID vaccines, yes, they were the same for everyone, but that's because you just had to go in really big batches. The exciting thing that doctors were saying was like, you can customize these bad boys as much as you want because the mRNA technology makes it so you can make really quick batches. The FDA might not approve them quickly, but you can do lots of these per year if you wanted. Is that the difference here that you can make these very unique for each patient? That's right. Yeah, there are a lot of issues in terms of kind of how do we manufacture this quickly? How do we scale this quickly? And the advances in mRNA technology in general are a way to help facilitate all of that. Wait, so doctor, I mean, are we talking about like cancer vaccines? Is that it sounds crazy for me to say that, but at least therapy-wise in terms of a vaccine that can keep a type of cancer in check? Could we see this elsewhere? I think the most important issue with this type of an approach is this is not a melanoma-only treatment. This is a treatment for building the body's immune response against the patient's own certain type of tumor that they have. So this could be used and is being tested in clinical trials for patients with all different kinds of cancers. And the hope is in the future that if you have surgical resection of a high risk tumor, like lung cancer, bladder cancer, or other types of tumors, in theory this approach might even be effective for you. It hasn't yet been proven that way and it needs to be tested. But that's where I think we hope the whole field of cancer care is going based upon this result of melanoma. What is next here? Because the FDA has not signed off on this, right? This is purely experimental at this point. So what's next? The next steps I think from a regulatory perspective, I'm sure the study sponsors are putting together data that will be submitted to regulatory agencies for hopeful, ultimate approval based upon these data, but that all needs to be reviewed. And then as the melanoma field, we need to also see the real data itself. We have top line data. We have the studies summary snapshot that this was a positive trial, meaning favorable for reducing recurrences. But we need to see how positive was it? What were the side effects? What were the details of the different data and points in that we look forward to seeing in the near future? Right. And as you sort through the recurrence numbers, it's not clear whether people actually live longer as a result, but really interesting here. Dr. Michael Postal from Memorial Sloan Kettering. Thank you so much. You're welcome. Thank you for your interest in this. Next up on Start here might as well be a campaign proverb. Florida, man. We're back in a bit. This show is sponsored by NetSuite. As businesses increasingly move toward an AI-centric world, they say that every day you delay, you actually fall two days behind. But how do you keep up? The competition's only moving faster. Luckily, there's NetSuite next. You've heard me talk about NetSuite before. It's an AI-powered business management suite that securely connects all your data. We're talking financials, inventory, commerce, HR, and CRM all together in one single source. 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All year we've been talking about how the midterm elections could define President Trump's last two years in office and how, therefore, midterm primaries could define the election. Well, don't look now, but primary season has almost wrapped up. "I just want to say that your love and support drove me each and every day." On Tuesday, voters headed to the polls in Alaska, in Florida, in Wyoming. That only leaves a handful of northeastern states to go, so what have we learned here? Let's check in with ABC's Deputy Political Director Ben Cego Bennett. We're less than 24 hours out from knowing the results to some of these races now, so let's all take a breath. I guess what were your takeaways from this latest round of contests? For a couple interesting things in Florida, it's state we don't usually talk about that much anymore, partially because it's moved to the right under Donald Trump, but actually one of the most interesting results from Tuesday night was on the Democratic side. You had a Democratic socialist Angie Nixon, a state representative, a progressive, score a major upset in the Senate race in Florida. She beat Alex Vindman, who, if that name sounds familiar, it's because he was a major figure in the first impeachment of President Trump in his first term. He was a real darling of some people on the left. He had raised $16 million from people across the country, 16 times more than Nixon, but she won comfortably. If one thing your neighbor told for their insulin is radical, they call me a rapper. This is someone who ran on freezing rents, taxing billionaires, expanding healthcare access in a diverse state, and it'll be really interesting to see how much traction she gets, especially because she will be on the ticket with David Jolly. Did we embrace capitalism? Did we let the private sector lead? He is the Democratic candidate for governor in Florida, and he's, in fact, a former Republican congressman who is disavowed socialism and says he supports capitalism. So just a very interesting split screen that we're seeing on the Democratic side in Florida. It's interesting because right, Alex Vindman lost, I think Dan Goldman also lost his race in New York, which these are kind of like heroes of the resistance. That's how a lot of people describe them. And yet, you got the feeling that some Democrats were like, I'm over making everything about President Trump. Is that the case for Republicans too? Or is Trump still like the reason you win or lose an election? Or what is that looking like? On the left, we're seeing real energy behind the candidates who seem to channel the frustrations of voters and are the most angry. On the right, it's usually been the most maga candidate wins and someone who earns the endorsement of President Trump. And President Trump is still a kingmaker in the Republican party. But on Tuesday night, there were three candidates who had his endorsement, who actually came up short and lost their races. One was in the governor's race in Wyoming. His Republican pick lost there. And another one was Corey Mills, the embattled Republican from Florida who was accused of sexual misconduct and faced domestic abuse and campaign finance violations. President Trump endorsed him and he lost to a former news anchor in his race in Central Florida. And you know, my opponent kept hitting me that I wasn't on the Trump team. Well, if you watched our incoming numbers, you would see that we had people from a lot of walks of life. And then in the race to replace Byron Donalds, who is running for governor in Florida, you had a real cast of characters. Ten Republicans, including two former Republican congressmen who left Washington in disgrace, Madison Caughthorn of North Carolina, Chris Collins, who was convicted of insider trading from New York. They were both on the ticket. President Trump endorsed Catalina Lough, who formerly ran for Congress in Illinois. She was one of three people on the ticket who had run for Congress in another state. And there was also a convicted and pardoned January 6th rider in that race as well. John Strand. So Lough lost there. So when you look at those three races, Wyoming and the two races in Florida, President Trump's endorsed candidates did not pass the test there for Republican primary voters, either because of their own scandal or they were facing people with deeper ties and relationships to voters in their districts. Well, and that's the thing is you do remember in these, especially in these midterm congressional races, just how local, how all politics are local, right? I guess I'm wondering, Ben, are there issues that seem to keep springing up that have surprised you that you might not have expected a year or two ago that are hitting these local races in a way you might not have expected? The economy is still the big issue, right? We've seen that really as a consistent through line since 2024. But one thing that has started percolating is the expansion of data centers across the country, really the foundation of the infrastructure of the artificial intelligence boom. Something like this can be very detrimental to the community around it. Harold County is saying heck no with data center in my run. We do not want a data center in this country. There's been a lot of backlash in particularly rural parts of different states, including places like Florida, to the development of these centers, concerns that they are responsible for rising electricity bills and water bills for people that they have created noise pollution, you know, as they have been built out that they're too close to some communities. Again, this varies from from state to state from community to community and some of these developments and AI companies are now committing to helping to offset the costs of powering these data centers. But there has been some backlash to them. He's been called the face of data centers in Ohio. One place we're seeing that percolate is in Ohio. We saw Republicans in Ohio, frankly, issue a warning there saying that the party could be in danger of losing a senate seat in that state. And that is because the Republican Senate candidate, the former lieutenant governor of Ohio, has been associated with data centers with some of the deals given to developers to build these data centers when he was serving as lieutenant governor. Sherrod Brown, who was looking to make a comeback, the former Democratic Senator who lost the other seat in Ohio in 2024. He's been relentlessly attacking over this. And we've also seen this emerging in places like Wisconsin and Texas. Wait, so Republicans are saying we're getting blown up on this issue. Is there a reason that our server farms by nature, like Republican or Democrat? This doesn't really cut cleanly across the party lines here. We've seen some Democrats express concern about these things, other Democrats, including those who are governors of big states. They see the need to bring economic development to bring new technology to their states. These create jobs. These create opportunities down the line and investments along with tax revenue. And then we've also seen the president. The president and his administration are very concerned and focused on making sure that the United States really outpaces China in the development of AI. And so critical to that are these data centers. We want to have it regulation where they can continue to lead. Not regulation is going to stifle. So the president has really been walking this fine line in his administration to encourage development of these kinds of facilities. But at the same time, partially identifying the political liability here. His administration is now encouraging these developers, these big companies to commit to paying the cost of their own power in a way that really keeps the burden off consumers. Because again, it comes back to prices and the economy and utility bills. That is the major through line we're seeing in this election. It's interesting because economists have made the argument that the stock market has not been doing great this year, except for data centers and AI. Like those booms had actually propped up a big part of the stock market, etc. So when president Trump's talking about like a booming stock market, he's got those things to think. And yet, really doesn't matter if you're a Democrat or Republican, you don't want these things at least right in your backyard, perhaps. And so a lot of these complaints sound very familiar, whatever jurisdiction you're in. Ben Siegel, really interesting. Thank you. Thanks, Brad. We talked earlier this week about how Vladimir Zelensky seems to have unlocked something in Ukraine's fight against Russia. This was a massive attack. The Russian Defense Ministry saying it destroyed more than 800 Ukrainian drones overnight. Drone attacks, deep in Russian territory, are proving increasingly effective as a way to disrupt Russia's economy. And the thinking goes, perhaps it's will to keep fighting. Vladimir Putin says that's not the case, but regardless, between the drones, between kinder words from the Trump administration, you'd have to think this makes it a good moment to be Zelensky. And yet at the same time, Zelensky's own government is facing mounting accusations of corruption. And now his own former defense minister is openly suggesting a challenge to Zelensky's hold on power. ABC's foreign correspondent Tom Sufi Burj has been tracking it all. Tom, it's easy to forget, but Zelensky has not been elected since like 2019. He's been ruling under martial law since then. So could that all be coming to an end here? It could at the moment. I don't think it's it's imminent. But I think this is arguably the biggest political challenge that Zelensky has faced since Russia launched its full-scale invasion in 2022. So the guy we're talking about is Michele Fedorov. He's young, 35. He was the defense minister. And he was viewed as a modernizer. He was shaking things up within the defense establishment in Ukraine. He was credited with helping Ukraine grow and revolutionize its drone warfare, which is really helping Ukraine inflict blows on Russia and its economy. Fedorov was dismissed by Zelensky last month after it transpired that he'd have fallen out with the then commander of Ukraine's armed forces, General Syrtsky. The two were at log-aheads, according to reports. There were protests, and then Zelensky seemed to bow to the protest, and he also got rid of Syrtsky at the head of the military. But Fedorov wasn't slipping out of government quietly. He was doing interviews. He had already claimed that the reason he was dismissed was that because of his efforts to reform Ukraine's military. procurement system, we're talking about billion dollar deals, lots of money flowing around, historically, especially in the Soviet Union. This was a real hotbed of corruption in the past. He alleged that his reform efforts had upset people with vested interests at the highest level. And now he's released this video statement, and it's pretty slickly produced, and in it he calls for wartime elections. Democracy can not be held hostage by Russia. Which is controversial in Ukraine, given the fact that Russia occupies a large part of the country, and it would be very hard to hold an election during water. Right, who votes? Exactly. But he's basically not only calling for elections, which is a direct challenge to Zelensky, he is also criticizing Ukraine's governance. We are facing a systemic crisis of governance. The old system too often operates by its own rules. It protects itself, and fears change. He says decisions are made slowly, initiative is punished. He basically appears to be making a pit of a pitch for his type of politics, what he was known for, as a reformist, someone shaking things up, and saying, actually, we need to do things differently, we need to reform, and we need to get rid of corruption at all costs. Well, you said corruption there, that's the other thing. I think last time you and I were talking about Zelensky's grip on power, it was about the fact that his government has faced corruption allegations, and yet now in the last 24 hours, we've been hearing about what more of them, what's going on? Yeah, fresh allegations have come out within the last 24 hours or so. There was a major corruption investigation last year by Ukraine's anti-corruption bureau. It was linked to Ukraine's state-run nuclear energy company, alleged kickbacks, tens of millions of dollars. It's a highly complex investigation, but a very close business associate of Zelensky was implicated. His energy minister was dismissed and then charged, even his chief of staff at the time, Andrew Yamack, who, back then, was really considered to be the second most powerful person in Ukraine was dismissed after being implicated in the case. Now, all of those individuals I just mentioned deny wrongdoing. What has now transpired is that there is a separate investigation. It is slightly linked to the more major one last year. Basically, the anti-corruption bureau is now alleging that about $3.3 million was obtained illegally and then used to pay the bail for the former energy minister. Now, we've just learnt that a top aid to President Zelensky, his deputy chief of staff, has been sacked after her property was raided. There were multiple raids by the anti-corruption bureau. Now, President Zelensky himself, Brad, has not been implicated in either of the investigations. His aide, who was just sacked, has not yet commented on the allegations against him. But, twice in a year, people very close to him have faced incredibly serious corruption allegations, and that in itself is, of course, very damaging for the president himself and his record in government. This is what I was going to say. Is his grip on power in jeopardy? Like, what are average Ukrainians think about all this at this point? It's always hard to, I think, measure public opinion in a country at war. Channing to people I know in Ukraine, I think there are mixed feelings about Zelensky, sure. Years ago, in the early stages of the war, he was a bit of a hero in most people's eyes. He's been in government now for a while. But I think a lot of Ukrainians are still very wary of how these types of corruption and investigations and allegations play into the hands of the Kremlin. And I think people also have real reservations about the idea of holding elections during the war in Ukraine. I mean, not only is a huge swather of eastern southern Ukraine occupied by Russian forces, so you couldn't have elections there, of course. But even how would soldiers on the front line vote? What about all of the thousands and thousands of Ukrainians who are abroad right around the world? Can they also get polling stations in an election? And so I think people have mixed feelings. The last thought I'll just leave you with is if you're an enemy of Ukraine, you're standing up and saying, "Oh, look how Ukraine has problems and there's so much corruption." The flip side of that is, the Ukraine of old, you would never have known about these corruption allegations anyway. It would have all been going on, but been completely below the radar. It's only that Ukraine has this anti-corruption bureau and tried to become a more transparent democracy. Right, but in a country where corruption has been so ripe and in the former Soviet Union, a lot of people very wary of exactly these sorts of stories. Tom Sufi Burj, really interesting developments. Thank you. Thanks, Brett. Okay, one more quick break. Well, we come back. I need a price check on I'll me. One last thing is next. in order to help the community. I was able to work with the community in order to help the community. All the members of the community, who have been working for the community, have been invited to the dashboard. All the members of the community, who have been invited to the dashboard, have been invited to the dashboard. I am Shannon Maldonado. I am a member of the community, who have been invited to the dashboard. I was able to work with the community, who have been invited to the dashboard. I was able to print short-sleeved shirt. I'm like $29. There might as well be paying me to own this. It was meant to be. Well, more and more often, the price you find online might actually just be for you. Yesterday, the Federal Trade Commission put out a statement saying, "They're increasingly concerned that all the data companies are collecting about us is resulting in something called personalized pricing." For instance, if a retailer knows roughly how much you make, how much you usually spend on clothes in a month, or say they know you paid $30 bucks last week for a shirt, well, they might have no problem bumping up a $25 price tag to $29. Meanwhile, someone else might be saying that same shirt for $25, or $35, or whatever, and forget about clothes for a second. Could an online grocer upcharge you for milk if they know you've got several kids in your home? Could a ride-share app deduce whether you've already installed their competitors app? And if not, maybe charge you a few extra bucks. You never know the difference, would you? The feds are warning retailers against doing this, saying it likely violates Section 5 of the FTC Act, which regulates unfair pricing. Their rationale is, yes, companies are allowed to charge whatever they want for something. In some instances, a salesperson can even look a customer up and down, and offer one price to one person and not the other. Think of a fine art gallery, or maybe the guy selling Christmas trees near my house. He knows a fish when he sees one, but when you walk into a store with price tags on everything, customers assume, rightfully, that everyone's seen the same price tags. That is no longer necessarily the case in e-commerce. So, where's the line? The FTC says the biggest issue is transparency. Customers who don't even know they're being played. And while the government can't ban this practice outright, officials say these are the cases they plan to monitor most aggressively. So what should you do in the meantime? Well, experts say it might be time to invest in a VPN, a virtual private network, which hides where you're connecting to the internet from. Because when an air carrier thinks you're a customer in Botswana, they magically seem to offer you a cheaper price than if you were in San Francisco. Second tip, clear your cash online. The less your cookies say about where you've been shopping lately, the better. And third, maybe use paper money when shopping in person. Credit card companies are not just making money from your fees. They also sell information to a widening audience of companies. And now, there are plenty of bots out there waiting to deduce just how much you are willing, personally, to shell out. We've also talked about how price tags might not even be as permanent as you thought. They got the digital price tags making it easier for the prices and your local store to go up and down. Let's be honest, probably up. Anyway, I'm going to go shirt shopping. It's been 20 minutes. Who knows how the prices have changed. I'm Brad Nolkin, see you tomorrow. I'll see you tomorrow. See you tomorrow. See you tomorrow. See you tomorrow. See you tomorrow. käsintehtyjä artesaanitua teitä myyvän jaujiin lahjakaupan perustaja. Valitisin Shopify, koska alustoja testatessani totesin sen ehdottomasti yhdeksi helpokäyttöisimmistä alustoista. Minulla oli tärkeää pohtia kehittymistämme tulevaisuudessa. Kaikki myyntiin tarvittavat työkalut, kuten varaston suunnittelu ovat kätivästi dashboardissä. Aloita ilmainen kokeilu Shopify piste komsi vustolla.