Cellular Parts and Diversity Part I (MC1-Ep3)

[MUSIC] Last time, we talked about how to communicate using the language of anatomy. So that includes the directions, like say, for example, right now you understand that, but what it means when we say that the head is superior to the clavicle, or the clavicle is actually superior to the navel or the umbilicals. And no, back, when we happened in our different levels of anatomic structure, or the levels of organization in an organism rather, we also got to talk about the different requirements of life, or to maintain life. And as one of you have said, the survival needs. And let me just make it clear again, again, again, again, again. Do not make my mistake anatomically, and at least in the terms of anatomy and physiology, not because of the shelter. That was my mistake when I was a nursing student. So now you don't get to make that mistake because I made that mistake for you. So here we go. Welcome back to class. So cells and tissues, they carry out all the chemical activities needed to sustain life. Now, huh, in what that means. And the cells are the building blocks of all living things. So that's why when you put everything, or at least some majority of things, under the microscope, you're bound to see cells. Now, put them all together. You have what it's known as tissues. So tissues, they are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. And if you put them all together, they now end up being an organ. Anatomy of the cells. Now cells are not all the same. Of course, they all have similarities. It's just the same way that we, as people, we all have our similarities. But then again, we are all so different depending on how you want to classify people. If you're into that habit of classify people anyway. So cells are organized into three main regions. Now, remember, some books may say that they're the only region and that is fine. But at least in our textbook reference right now, they are organized into three main regions. So what are these? Nursing care plan. Nursing care plan. That means NCP. Now, the NCP is something you're going to learn and you're going to live it for the rest of your life. But for now, let's make a different term or different meaning. Let's give a different meaning to the NCP. Which means nucleus, cytoplasm, and the plasma number. So it's the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane. So the nucleus is the one inside. The pinachamine, the quarto, or compartment. The cytoplasm is everything around it. And the plasma membrane is what separates it from the outside world. So you can think about it as maybe your gate and your wall, your pander that will be your plasma membrane. And behind that or inside that to be more specific, you have your garden or you have your, what else do you have? Maybe your outdoor dining or your patio, whatever that is. Or if you have that, okay? That would be your cytoplasm. And of course, I give garage, if ever your garage is not inside your house, but attached. And then you also have the nucleus, which is your actual, let's say your actual room. So again, NCP, nucleus cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane nursing care plan. Now we talked about these things as a group. So now let's go to them individually. So the nucleus is the control center of the cell. This means that it's the brain of the cell. It contains genetic material, which we know as DNA. Now, what is DNA? It's the oxyribonucleic acid. The oxyribonucleic acid. And just like the cell, the nucleus also has three compartments. But it's not anymore NCP. Yagami natin, gaddeleohin natin, and N, can double N sharp. So it's not NCP anymore, that nucleus cytoplasm and plasma membrane, it's now going to be the NNC. And ito, you have the nucleolus, you have the nuclear membrane, and you have the chromatin. So you're nucleolus, nuclear membrane, and the chromatin. Anu anu anu ang manga ito. Let's go to the next line. The nuclear membrane, just take your plasma membrane, is the barrier of the nucleus. So it's what delineates or it's what separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. And if you look at it under the microscope, you will see that it's composed of a double phospholipid membrane. And in between dawn, may manga butas. And manga butas nato, they're like little doorways. They function as little gates that will allow the exchange of substances and materials with the rest of the cell. So it's in and out. Okay, and we're going to call the total doorways nuclear force. Again, the barrier of the nucleus is a nuclear membrane. It has a double phospholipid membrane as a component, or that's how it structurally looks like. And it contains little doors, which will allow the exchange of materials with the rest of the cell. And we're going to call that nuclear force. As always, I'm going to say less than nuclear force. Now, you also have the nucleolai or the nucleolus. It's a long because each nucleus contains one or more nucleolai. So the sides of the ribosome production, that is where it happens. And then what happens is that you have the ribosomes, which will then go out to the side of the plasm, passing through what, passing through the little doors. And then we'll call it the nuclear force. So again, the ribosomes are produced inside the nucleolus and lumalabasha to the cell, to the cell body, through the nuclear force. Next, we have chromatin. It's composed of DNA and protein. It scatters throughout the nucleus. And it will condense to form chromosomes when the cell divides. So remember, DNA and protein is chromatin. It scattered throughout the nucleus. It condenses to form the chromosomes. Again, chromatin condenses to form the chromosome when the cell divides or during cell division. Please do not forget that. Now, we talked about the plasma membrane canina. And it is a barrier for cell contents. And it also means it's a barrier as a protection from things outside the cell from getting inside, the map. And this was mentioned earlier because they have similar functions or structures also. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Now, what does that mean? It's a phospholipid layer. The gawashan, the phosphate, and lipin. And what does the hydrophilic head mean? Evigsebihin. Hydro is fluid. Usually, we think of it as water. Hydro-tillic, meaning tilia, meaning love. So it loves water. But it's not about the love-hate relationship. We're talking actually about ability to dissolve. Evigsebihin, if it is hydrophilic, it's most likely going to be dissolved in water. Now, if it's going to be hydrophobic, Evigsebihin, it's not going to dissolve in water and that means it's going to retain its structure. But it gets a lot to not forget. It's also a structure that contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. Glycopening glucose or sugar and proteins. Next. We're talking about the channel proteins. So these are the other channels that we're talking about. Much like our nuclear pores or nuclear membrane pores. So look at the heads of the phospholipids and the non-polar tails of the phospholipid molecules. So heads and tails. Okay, at the sugar group. Now, by the side of the sugar group, the height of the sugar group is 12. If you go into deeper, deeper anatomy and physiology, especially when you're looking at immunology and even in microbiology, you're going to see an important weight of the sugar group. How come? This allows us or this allows the body to identify which parts are actually part of the cells. That concept of self is very important. Why? Because if the body, for example, is able to recognize any cell and it says, "Okay, this is part of the self. Evigsebihin, the body is not going to attack it." But if it is foreign or considered non-self, non-self, it is not part of the self, then that is something that will be attacked by the body. Now, the problem now is, In terms of the autoimmune diseases, like for example lupos, and other conditions. Dachit, anim problema don. Now normally, when you have something that's part of your body, you're going to call it part of the cell. But then if you have foreign bodies, like maybe at tattoo, even at tattoo, because that's how it works. They get eaten up by the white blood cells where they tend to stay near or just by the surface of the skin. That's how they end up there. So, when they're back here, the white blood cells are going to eat up these foreign bodies or these life forms, which are not part of you, and they're going to get what? Attacked, eaten up, and digested. But the problem with autoimmune diseases is that the cerelimo is in a target. You are attacking your own cell, because your body is not able to realize that the cerelimo is part of your body. It might get a little bit confusing for now, but it's going to be a bit clearer. The further you go along. So, Anupah. Now, I want you to look at this. So, I'm starting the video here. Now, microvillai are finger-like projections that increase surface area. And absorption. What do you think about this? Well, think about it this way. Look at the microvillai. Think about it that way. Now, go back to here, I'm going to try to draw something by drawing a line. Okay. Let's see if you have this area, this much. Approximately, let's say, one inch of area available for absorption. Now, if you have two big drops, if you have two big ones. You're going to absorb as much fluid along with the surface surface. Because you can do that. So, assuming that, use your very, very wonderful imagination. If you have two big ones, for a flat area. Now, what's the purpose of this microvillai? Microvillai. Look at that. For example, you have the same area. Approximately one inch, you can see it. Like me, you can see it. But remember, assuming that it's the same area. It's the same. Assuming that it's the same area. So, if it's straight, it's not the same area. But look at what microvillai do. What you're going to do is, look at that. So, what do we do? These are all finger-like projections. How does this work? If you get one, two, three, four. You can have maybe one, two, three, four. Worth of what? Worth of absorbing capacity of water. Okay, for water rather. Into the same amount of space. That is how microvillai work. So, if I were, and I hope you can see me, I want you to do this. Whenever you read the word microvillai, microvillai, you do this. Okay, that's what you're going to do. Because when you read the word microvillai, you know that this is a finger-like projection. I know it sounds or looks bad there is some times. But think about it. During the exam, what does microvillai do? But then in your head, you're thinking about this. So, you're doing this big laugh. Because the program in Uttakmo, you're microvillai. Then you know, going to be a finger-like projection. Alright, so, there you go. Next. Now, we have to call junctions. These are the spaces between cells, okay? Now, we have the tight, we have the desmosomes, and we have the gap junctions. So, what do you want me to do here? Think about it this way. You have tight, meaning impermeable, indika yung lusutan. It's very tight. Indika yung lusutan, ng guide, you know. Then you have the desmosomes. Look at this, you know. Desmosomes, it anchors to the other side. That's why it's called an anchoring junction. That's what it means. This is the gap junctions, which we call for communicating, okay? For communicating between cells, okay? Now, think about it this way. How can you memorize this? Try and add in the water column brush. It should work. Okay, I think it's a lot thicker. It's good. So, for one, I'll let you know. It's T, G, and P, I'll gather. P rate. What did I just write? My goodness. What's wrong with me? Okay. P, gather, then D, and then, okay, so D is what? Desmosomes, Desmosome. Every time you see or read the word Desmosome, or Desmo, I want you to think of let's say, let's pretend this is a huge anchor. Okay, this is an anchor. Picture this in your head. C, Desmo. Meta-o, or maynag patatu, na maynagalagay na word na Desmo. Automatically, may isit jagad na, it's an anchor. It's an anchor. Why? It's an anchor. Okay, it's an anchoring junction. Now, how about this? If you're close in English, you don't really say, well, it is correct when you say, oh, we're actually close, but in, let's say, in the conventional time, you just say, oh, we're actually tight, or you're close, don't we? So even if it's an anchor, if you're close to each other, then obviously that's going to be tight. impermeable. What's the relationship between you and friendship? Because you're close, you're tight. Now, that's what you're talking about. How can you memorize gap and communication, or communicating junction? Remember that when you have a friend or you have, you know, someone you love, or relationship, or maybe, you know, even your family, or you know, when you have a gap, it means what? We need to talk about something. Because you need to communicate. You need to communicate. I know. It might look so simple, but think about it. Think about it. It's quite easy to remember. Now, let's do it again. So again, if you want to memorize it, you can see Desmo. Desmosome, which is the anchoring junction. Then if you're tight, it means you're really close. You are what? Again, you are impermeable. And when you have a gap with someone, okay, when you have a gap with someone it means it's time for better communication. There's no gap. But of course, if you want to read more in that, no problem. Important is, you know what is time for. Now, next, what is the side of the classroom? Next, the material outside of the nucleus, but inside the classroom membrane. So, because it's the side of the soil, which is, think about it as a cell and then the solvent. So, that's the fluid. That's the fluid. It's called the cell, the cytoming cell. Then the organelles, the organs of the cell, that's the metabolic machinery, and inclusions are what we call non-functioning units. Is this true? Yes and no. It's true because, we used to think that inclusions were just non-functioning. But in reality, people are, look at the latest, latest studies, including inclusions, although they appear that they don't have anything to do, they don't have the benefit for the cell, they're actually there to absorb harmful substances. Let me clarify. And then, they are to absorb the damage from ultraviolet rays, from harmful ultraviolet rays. That is the latest so far, we're looking at, anatomy, and physiology, and biochemistry. But of course, for lecture purposes, think about it as non-performing units in terms of the cell, because it's for protection. Next. And let's say, you draw the nucleus, then you draw a circle, that will be there, plus the membrane, then you do it against the lobe. You draw the nucleus, then you draw a circle, that's going to be there, nuclear envelope, or the nuclear membrane. It's really true, because these are the channel proteins, because these are the nuclear pores, nuclear pores. What is this? Chromatin, chromatin, and you can see, DNA plus protein, DNA plus protein, which condenses to form chromosomes, that's why, during cell division, I hope you found it, that it will be able to absorb it. And then, next. Let's talk about ribosomes. Now, what are ribosomes? They're made of protein and RNA, okay, valectaio. They're made of, there you go. They're made of protein and RNA, and they are the sites of protein synthesis. And they are found in two locations, three in the site of plasm, and then attached to rough endoplasm, where they came up. Let me share that up for you. Valectaio ng isa. Look at this. You have the. Ruff endo plasmig reticulum atong area na ito. Now, look at this endo plasmig reticulum. Wala shing man na dat, dat, dat, ko na ribosomes. Why? That's why we think this is quite rough and this is quite smooth. The reason for that is anong nga. Ang maksaseparit, it's a smooth answer rough. Anong meron ang ruff ato ang ribosomes. Now, anong ribosomes, they are sites of, sites of protein synthesis. So, let's talk about it this way, man. So, you have ribosomes. That one, man. It's RNA and protein, am I right? RNA and protein. You know, many times, I've been using the exam. If DNA + protein, if DNA + protein ribosomes, you'll find it here. You'll find it here. Because it's RNA and protein. So, this is what it's called. Naxila meron protein. Palsina bilator d, di na lang nasa taas. Kasi alfabetikan na lang tayo. Palsina bing di at r. That's DNA and RNA. They're gonna natin, no? So, when protein. We'll see how long it will take. All right. There you go. Pag protein + DNA. Anayon. Kro matin. Pag naman, ahitamo, protein + RNA. Okay, that will be ribosome. Okay, natanalang kasiimple. Protein + DNA = kro matin. Naxilay kro matin, 10, kro matin, DNA = protein. Pag RNA naman. Pag ribosome, the bar ribosome. It's also r. Pag it, alamunang may protein niya niya. Alamunang may protein ng DNA at RNA. Alamin mo nalang. Pag ang protein merong DNA, kro matin niya. Pag naman ng protein merong RNA ribosome. Denanalang kasi inti. Next. And even at usapan natin kanina, there are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. Kapag smooth, wala. Kapag meron, rafyon na endoplasmic reticulum kasi meron ribosomes. But in reality, what are they? They're actually fluid filled two bills for carrying substance test. So, ano nayan, rafyon in ribosomes. So, ano pampay na natin takedagdung sa pinagusapan natin. Yaw a huge letter r. And you have the word ribosome. Ribo nalang nat. And you have the word or the term RNA. So, alam natin na eto ay raf. Ribo RNA raf. Alam natin na yun. Kasi isalang naman na rafi. Ulan na mga raf maito kondria. Or raf nukrios. It's only the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum. Now, ano pa? We remember in case lang talaga makalimungutan. Remember that things can get raf in the ER or the emergency room. Things can get raf in the emergency room. It can get raf in the emergency room. For example, this is how it works. For example, you take a lot of, let's say, fatifood cholesterol rich. You take a lot or you just a cholesterol rich diet. So let's see, let's see, let's see, let's see, let's see, let's see, let's see, let's go to the cellular level. Which area will actually break down the cholesterol if you think about it? No, let's just paint that story. Let's go into the smooth ER. Cholesterol synthesis and breakdown. The number of functions of cholesterol is necessarily bad. What is it? It's going to be fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs. So if I were to decide, I just want to ask you about the smooth ER. Just think about fat because it's fat metabolism because we are talking about cholesterol. Cholesterol, fat and detoxification. Okay, meaning detoxify, let's see if you have a toxic number of drugs. So if I were to tell you, what do you mean by just remember, for the smooth ER, just think about it, it's fat detox. What do you think? If you are not sure, what do you think about the smooth ER? Oh, it's fat detox. What do you think? What do you think about the fat detoxify? No, talking about fat metabolism, talking about cholesterol because they are eating food. And detoxification of what of drugs don't forget that. And of course, building materials. If you want to build, build, build, build, build materials. I'm going to use this for the rough ER. First of all, fat detox. I hope that makes sense for you. Next, the Golgi or the Golgi, depending on who you listen to, that's the Golgi or Golgi apparatus. Now, the important detail is that it's the one responsible for modification and packaging of proteins. Modification and packaging of proteins. And that is Wi-Fi. They will always say that the Golgi or the Golgi apparatus is the packaging plant of the cell. That is the babbalot and the distributed Palabas. So think about it. When you order your shopping and lazada, remember, these are the sorting hub. Or when you buy a cellar, this is the babbalot. They're going to put it in what? The box bearing there, what they're their company. And it turns out, if you look at it that way, they are packaging plants. They have actually three types of products. What is the product? That is the secretory vesicles. The vesicles. That is the gift wrapping. The vesicles of Louisville component. The secretory is called Palabas. It's basically the same. And the second product is that it's the cell membrane component. If you want to see a part of the cell like the cell, you will notice that. When it gets damaged, it will get damaged. And it needs to be replaced. So Golgi apparatus is responsible for that. And of course, lysosomes. For the lysosomes, it is to lys or to destroy. So there are many enzymes that are digested. If an oversimplification would be when you want to melt something or destroy something, these are acids. Acidic materials. You want to dissolve something. The water will eventually dissolve everything. It's a universal solvent. But it might take a long time. So think about it. When you want to destroy something or to dissolve something, you want to lys it to lys. And it's going to use enzymes for the third product, Golgi apparatus, which is the lysosomes. So next. This is the pathways. Like I said, are there really three pathways in Golgi apparatus? Well, yeah, but it's actually quite better to consider them as like products that are more convenient. So it can be what? What can be what? What are the secretory vesicles? Meaning, it's called palabas. And that is a term known as exo. Exo meaning palabas. Exo cytosis. And then the secretory vesicles. But at this time, they're replacing the cellular components. So to combine, there's no palabas. And then the third is, it's better to adjust. It's better if you don't have bacteria. This is a white blood cell, for example. And then add the digestive enzymes, the bacteria, or if I'm here with the acid, it will combine with that material. And then it will destroy it. That's how it works. Now, lysosomes, and it's going to live. It's going to live. It's going to need enzymes. And enzymes will digest non-usable materials within the cell. Or if I may say, humana nara-hasira nara-damage in the cell, in the body, in the cell. Now, peroxysomes, the membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes. So, I want you to look at this. Do lysosomes have enzymes? Yes, but they are digestive enzymes. Do peroxysomes have enzymes? Yes, pero oxidase. Back it. It will detoxify harmful substance, it will break down free radicals, which are highly reactive and non-stable substances. In fact, if you eat or if you have a lot of this in your body code, actually end up getting cancers for this. So, an important thing is that when you want to lie something that is a lysis home, so you need an enzyme that will digest and when you want to detoxify something, you need an enzyme that will oxidize. So, we call it oxidize. And, of course, there are harmful substances. And how does it replicate pinching it in half? What is this? Look at this. Look at this. I'm going to draw this. I'm going to draw a letter R. That's the only thing I know about this style. Look at this. It's just like that. This is the peroxysome. What is the enzyme? Yeah. Oxidase. Peroxysome. And then, I enzyme. Oxidase. So, how does it replicate? How does it replicate? You pinch it by half. You know, peroxysome. But, can you do it with R? No, no, you can't do that. That's the thing. It replicates with pinching in half. I hope you got that. Now, here we go. The most favorite of any biologist, the powerhouse of the cell. Now, it doesn't end that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. It's not that way. The process inside the mitochondria can be very dramatic if you want to understand it, but yes, what it's going to be introduced to you in biochemistry and you're hoping to enjoy it. So, it's actually quite interesting. The normal element, how the mitochondria actually produces or uses energy for the cell. Okay. So, an important thing, it changes shape continuously and it carries out reactions where oxidenesis to break down food. You read that right. Oxidenesis to break down food. And that is why one of the requirements, if you want to have effective exercise redeem or routine, is actually breathe normally, or rather breathe in a way, that's why for example, if you're into aerobics, into what spin class, but how long do you know, you know, you know, you know, it's a bicycle, you know, when it's a mess. You know, or almost all more to get exhibition, which I think is fun. You're actually taught, even though guys now who like to go. You're going to the gym. You know, the outside. You're actually taught how to breathe. You know, even sites used to break down food and any energy process, but it's also important so you don't hurt yourself when you're doing these exercises. I provided then a scene triphosphate for cellular energy. Next cytoskeleton, what is a cytoskeleton? Remember that cytoskeleton is cell. The cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell. So it's a network of protein structures that extend throughout the site of plasm and it provides yourself with an internal framework. That's because I wanted to know that proteins actually end up being classified according to two or classified into two classifications. You just write that here. When, for example, protein, CHOM protein, when a protein becomes, let's say, it's linear, then it becomes structural. So, that's how this is going to look like. But then if it looks like a globular or circular structure, then that is most likely going to be an enzyme. So if I were to rename at the end, this one have to be structural protein, structural proteins, which is like the cytoskeleton. And that is also helpful in biochemistry. So you might be wondering what this cell is, it looks like a spaceship, it looks like a ghost, looks like a scary eye, you know, it could actually resemble someone or something in the very deep deep ocean, but actually that is a nervous cell. That's a neuron. Remember, we put a star shape shape, so that is a neuron. Okay, so an important detail in the cytoskeleton, what there are three different types, and I want you to remember. I want you to remember, but there are three types. Important detail is that you have microfilaments and you have micro tubules. So I see, you know, normally it's a micro, but consider the filaments and the tubules. And may not have intermediate filaments, because it is a gitnesia. Intermediate. Okay, you know, I want you to remember, I want you to remember. Now, if you look at this on the right side, you're going to see, you know, we have the microfilament and seven nanometers, okay, and M. This is actually the size. And how about this intermediate filament as a gitnesia, so the size is just 10. And I take micro tubules, I don't know how much the size is, 25. So 7, 10 and 25. Again, microfilament, 7, intermediate is 10, micro tubule is 25. So how do we memorize that? Now, you know, I want you to look at intermediate filaments, I don't know, you know, intermediate, I am, because it is a gitnesia. Now, it seems like this micro, right? It seems like this micro. So I see, you know, alphabetical letter F and letter P. And then, you know, it seems like this micro. But that could be a bit complicated for some, just know, now that we are here. So I just leave it, I just leave it. Take note, it is intermediate, it seems like a gitnesia, it is a micro tubule that is a bit complicated and it is a microfilament. So what is the size? Okay, what is the size? What is the size? Okay, if you want, you can say, I am fit, you know, I am fit, no problem. So I see, you know, you can memorize 7, 10 and 25. Okay, 7, 10 and 25, this corresponds to filament, microfilament, intermediate and micro tubule. I hope you got that. So let us see, let us see, let us see, let us see, I am fit, I am fit, I am fit. So let us see, what is the size? I am using it, I am using it, I am using it, I am using it, 25. So what is the next thing we are going to do, we are going to do, we have a small unit, if you are going to have more structures, remember, this is the smallest, this is very, going to be very thin, we are going to have thin, thin, thin, because it is going to be very thin, thin. So think about it as thin, but in reality it is actually thin. So what is the next thing, remember, this is the tubule, this is the micro tubule, this is the unit, this is the tubule, this is the tubule, this is the tubule, this is the tubule, this is the unit, this is the intermediate filament and this is the fibros, the intermediate filament is already filled with the fibros. Okay, so let us see, if we are going to have a look at it, what is the next thing, I am fit, what is the number set, 7, 10, and 25. So let us see, we are going to have thin, thin, thin, and then we are going to have the next thing, we are going to have the fibros, fibros, and then here we are going to have a look at the C2Bulin, C2Bulin. Next, what are sentrioles, sentrioles are rod shaped bodies made of micro tubules, so in Palang, I hope that you have it in your head, the word sentrioles. So on sentrioles are actually, here it is, I hope you are seeing where this is going, rod shaped. Okay, rod shaped bodies made of micro tubules, so the red formation of the mytotic spindle, the result division, so mayibana, tina lakihanila to, nala kihanila, sentrioles, samasa, mytotic spindle, mytotic spindle, during cell division. Now, what are cellular projections? Cellular projections are things that are not found in all cells. Okay, these are only found when you have cells that want or have the ability Or mean, haven't mean to move. So, any of you who are interested in this, take a look at this. Ang nakalali ka silyito dalaw wala. But it's actually free. So, eto-sicilia at eto-sicielia at eto-sicielia at eto-sicielia at eto-sicielia at eto-sicielia. So, ang itchura ni silyak. Ang itchura ni silyak. So, for example, yaw habisail like this, ang itchura ni silyak, will be very, very tiny legs. Very, very tiny legs around it. Okay, nakandigitya na, nakandigitya sa celuwala. Dito to ayang big news yet paggunan. No, ayayon ayayon, nakandigitya. So, if you're fond of playing outside or, you know, if you're into planting, if you're mom and dad, or you know, some of you are into planting, you're going to see some insects here. And there you know, centipin, you know, millipin, whatever. So, think about it na parang ganun yung silyak. So, abang malilit na hairy projections. So, it looks like a hairy ball. And if I were to give you an example of how it's going to look like, take a look at it na nga sa rambutan at the yung silyak. Nakayon, yung fladalung kung rambutan yung fladalung. Sipin yung naman ay rader. Malia, kung rambutan yung silyak ang fladalung sipin yung para siyang balun. Kasi, this is the fladalung. At yung mga silyak at yung fladalung, it's like a siyo. And that is why ang baduyiman, ang baduyin, no? So, paksinabi natin, bahalanan, no? Paksinabi natin, pladjalung. Bahalanan na kaya, no? Mga bahalanan magmuhata yung bimarun ng mga cano. Magpronans, no? Fladjalung, it's propels, no? Ok, na yan, as bakit na yan. Kasi naman fladjalung, it's propels, do ba? Nakayon, nakabother yung bukaya. So, yung dalawang importante dito. So, remember, silyak para rambutan, and see fladjalung ng prop propel. Okay, rin yung dalawang importante. So, ang naman yung pangatlo, kasi si nambi ko pangatlo. Actually, na natatin natalong na sudopan, sudopan. So, ang nuban ang sudopan. Ang sudopan is at yung time, nakunwari ng batakapa, or if you have someone something there, there are kambalun, kaya na deflate and shah. And it looks like what? It's just like a piece of cloth, do ba? Kasi walang naman. Lage manan tubig. Lage manan tubig, dan yung tie top. And then you try to squeeze it. Okay, anung mga yari. When you squeeze it, it's going to try to escape somewhere. It's going to try to escape somewhere from saan man yung space na pwenda. So, para siyang slug. Do you think about it, para siyang slug? Pero, it's a bit watery. Para ang balun na pagkinapun mo, you know, you try to squeeze it around. Let's get now try to pull itself into that direction. Gyo na lang isitin, yo. Okay, naganon ang sudopan. So cell diversity, just talks about the different types of cells. You have a retro size to red blood cells. You have fiber blasts. That's for our mga scarring and everything. The pitilial cells, the those that require, or rather, these are the cells required whenever you have parts of the body that deal with friction or exposure to the environment, but they did. And cells that cover in nine body organs. Okay, the net, of course, is Kalital Masul. So you have contractile filaments, you have nuclear, smooth muscle cells now. As early as time, I wanted to see that it's Kalital Masul cells to look at it. It's Kalital Masul cell when you look at it. So back, ang habanya, ang habanya. And look, actually, maraming nuclear. This is one cell, then daming nuclear. Among it, the smooth muscle cell is the only nuclear. So that's an important distinction. You're gonna learn more in a few lectures time. Of course, the fat cell, their cell, substor nutrients, okay? And at least I become pseudo parts about, try to squeeze that. Try to squeeze that, if you can't, or if you can imagine, that's how it's gonna look like. It's like it's crawling through this, but you can imagine again that balloon that when you're trying to squeeze it. And then ang habanya, at the lysosome, at the lysosome, remember you said that they want to rise. Okay, so remember you can tell that the macrophages are going to eat foreign bodies. And then you have the lysosomes. You have the lysosomes, the products of the golgi or the golgi apparatus will mix or combine with those foreign bodies. And then you can see that, then you have the nerve cells, that's the starry shape. And then you also have cells reproduction. And then you can see the blood, the lung, and there are the ones that are known propels. Mahalan.