Brain Science

BBC-podcast on suurin edelleen yksi kautta. Suurit päätökset voivat pienekauas. Siksi tarvitsein rinnaleeni kumpanin, joka ymmärtää minne ollen menossa. Nordea Private Pankingissä omasioitus johtainitua selkeyttä päätöksiin, ja pieninut askeleen edelleen. Nordea Pistefi Kautta Private Pankin. Tervustin pyöräilyvää teitä valmistavan ornotin vuonna 2013. Mielestäni parasta Shopify saan se, että voimme harjoittaa liiketoimintaa ilman teknistä osaamista. Voimme hallinnoida yrityksen taustajaristeelmiä ja frontendia sekä myydä verkossa. Vaivattaa, jos Shopify olisi pyöräilyvaruste, sollisimme itse polkupyörä. Sillä asiat hoidetaan ja meidän liiketoiminta me hoituu Shopify. Aloita ilmainen kokeilu, Shopify piste.com sivustolla. Piste.com sivustolla. Hello, on my right, a man who believes that everything in the universe continues to move from a state of order to increasing disorder, a law that seems to apply to everything in the universe apart from his own gorgeous hair. It's Professor Brian Cox. On your left, Robin Ince, a man who used to be an observation of comedian until he realised that an observation in itself is meaningless, unless the reference frame is carefully specified. For example, in the 1970s, everyone thought their mother-in-law was fat, but of course, she was only fat in her own rest frame. There are observers moving so it's that she would appear as a larynx-contracted pancake. Exactly. Ultimately, the realisation that mother-in-law jokes are framed dependent destroyed the Northern Working Man's club circuit. My mother-in-law is so fat. Well, what speed she travelling? What? What's your frame of reference? Never mind, I'll do some blue jokes. All the jokes are blue. They're travelling towards us. And they're travelling away from us. Then they'd be red-shifting. Today we're going to be examining the most complex thing in the known universe, something we all possess to a greater or lesser extent, our brains. Are we blasé about our brains? The mere act of looking in the mirror and recognising our own reflection has taken billions of years of evolution. Some say that understanding the human brain is an impenetrable problem, but is anything fundamentally unknowable? No. There we go. I thought you might say. To discuss this, we are joined by approximately 300 billion neurons give or take the odd million that make up our three guests. Professor Sophie Scott is a neuroscientist at UCL's Institute of Cognitive Science and studies the complexity of human communication, as well as writing a paper on the science of laughter. I believe so. Hopefully you should be able to give me an equation on why my punchline, "Oh no, you've collapsed the wrong way function, went down brilliantly in Totten, but was a disaster in Cardiff last night." That's entirely true. Totten loves it. Cardiff, nothing. Brian Butterworth is emeritus professor of Cognitive Neurosycology, also at the Institute of Cognitive Science at UCL, who is the author of the mathematical brain. He also diagnosed Ronald Reagan's Alzheimer's from errors in his 1984 re-election speeches 10 years before it was officially diagnosed. I've got to say that is the first time, and I am hype Brian, never before, when we've run out any of the achievements of our guests, and we have that proper game show. Ooh! You've become a wizard of the mind. Our final guest spent years preparing for a life of playing in Raudy Comedy Clubs by being a psychiatric nurse. She was that for 10 years. So however imaginative a stag night is, and they really are, they are unlikely to top the abuse of a vibrant night in the psychiatric ward. She is a keen celebrator of cake and homicide. It's Joe Brandt. That's our panel. Sophie, we'll start with you. In terms of Neurosycology, is quite a new science. How far have we got? How close are we in your eyes to understanding the human mind? I suppose it depends exactly where you take us starting from. So people have been interested in the brain and what it's doing since the time of the ancient Greeks. They didn't always get it right. So Aristotle thought your brain was cooling down, blood, and your heart was where all the really important thoughts were happening. But up until, you know, not long after that, you got the idea that the brain was important. It was involved in some way in cognition. But then that didn't really change very much until electricity became easily available in the 1700s. And people discovered that there was actually electrical impulses could change not just how muscles move, but also affect how your brain worked. There was one splendid Italian who just stuck electrodes in his ears and heard a noise like thick, bubbling soup, which was frying his auditory nerve. But that was an indication that what happened in your nerves, the way information was getting passed around your brain was based on electricity. And then in the 1800s we found out that there were cells in the brain, that there were these neurons that were actually making up the matter of the brain. And then more recently, we've got much better techniques for actually looking at the function of the brain. So we're not just saying, well, what's in there, but actually what's it doing? How does it work? So we've got things like FMRI and TMS. So these techniques were actually investigating normal healthy brains. That was one of the first lessons there in neuroscience, was after he went, "Oh, this is soup, hang on, it's my own brain." That's when neuroscientists realised, "You know what, I'll use other people for these experiments." Oh, it doesn't offer any, yes, I think definitely, definitely. So psychiatric nursing. So did you get into that because of an interest in medicine, interest in the brain, because I suppose you worked at the sharp end of the subject there? Yeah, I'd say the reason I got into it actually, my dad has had a very severe depressive illness for a long time. And I think if you know someone who has a mental health problem, you're not frightened of other people with mental health problems. And it's fascinating as well. And I think probably that's why I got into it. I'm not least interested in brains at all. Thank you, Joe Brant. It's something we were talking about before we came on here, which is just briefly, as someone who I think, which is, you were saying about having worked in psychiatric ward, that you were still surprised by the lack of understanding that people who don't know someone, or don't know that they know someone who's suffering from some form mental illness, still have in this area. Well, I think there's such a huge amount of ignorance about mental health issues. I mean, if you go to comedy gigs, which I'm sure you all do, you'll find so many comics doing these kind of split-mind jokes about schizophrenia. You know, Rosa Revviets, Blue Arms, Skits, Freniks, Sir Mai, those sorts of things. Awww! Little ripple there. Oh, rice is quite funny. No, it's not. So there is a huge amount of ignorance around. You're nodding there. It's not really changing very much, is it, Sophie? It's changing slowly. I don't think. I mean, it's not something that you get taught in school. You learn about the natural world in biology. You don't learn very much about, you know, sort of actually human brains and human mind, and just the simple stuff about what goes wrong, and given the stats on how frequently things do. It's like one in ten of us will have an episode of some kind of mental health issue. That's a lot of people, a lot of people who are experiencing stuff which most people don't understand are a bit scared of. And I also, I think, you know, like, for example, when I was a nurse, we would give people ECT, and when people sort of talked about that, they thought that we did it as a punishment. You know, if someone hadn't eaten their dinner right, you're getting 500,000 volts through, yeah. And I think that was all because of one-flove, the cookusness, because actually that's what they did do in that film. And I think most people's knowledge of mental health is one-flove, the cookusness, you know. And so you're starting from such a position of ignorance in a way. But Brian, we've heard a little bit about the medicalisation of the brain essentially, and so we described the history of neuroscience. But when did it really become a science in terms of the, as far as the experimental method and the understanding of the brain? Well, is it a science now? I mean, that's, I think, an important question. I mean, when we look at the brain through some of these new techniques like FMRI. And we were looking at the way in which blood flow changes when you're thinking about something, and it changes different parts of the brain when you're thinking about different sorts of things. I mean, do we really understand what we're looking at? So the analogy that comes to my mind is that we're rather in the position of Galileo looking at the moons of Jupiter. So he didn't have a theory of optics. He didn't really know what he was looking at, but he knew that it was somehow important. And I sometimes think that some of the FMRI experiments that are reported are rather like Galileo looking at the moons of Jupiter. It's important, something's going on there, but we don't know exactly what it is. And when you think that blood flow is only a very indirect measure of what's going on, you could be looking at electrical activity, as Sophie was talking about, you could look at changes in the magnetic field of the brain, Ac un o poraniareddu erovot sentatol mae'n resposti responseau patiently meitad elu, jegon chap da meitad y sacджeng Canis cwbl i y mae fe~? A'u woarionedd o triumunaileau. Cynfan ond gan widow arodir wedi gydd yn mutiesgau somi hackófiatotechnol, Henri savn hon mazó vai. ivef seith ju nhw mae an Filem i angen gadau���09 yn general? Ys c-塊 fethu parlalu fel gre加llion. O'r template ydi rhywy dda簡srull yn gallnog rhywm llanc wnes fo dżau fod efo cyffreddw y cauenmraedd yn yna, ac Robynnaeth Thymru yn gallair yn llinew booking oedd o Participϊd Κire mai i rhaun mります, mae'n cis dream d deu te Essa wnaeth ac gallen mewn swический fan. C'si angenar, ese wedi omio eu wrth今天 aru ac yn llant哀 a roeddi gwas сем fi o fe Aristosel gyd_ fel i'r Ford. a yma'r gyda'r gyda'r ymni. 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