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Speaker 6Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the right time, a wave original. My name is Bovani Jones. Thanks for listening wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks for watching us on YouTube. Subscribe, like, rate us, review us, give us five stars. You only give us four stars. I'm inclined to believe you are a hater. It is Time Machine Tuesday. Not only is Howard Bryan. Joining us. Howard Bryan is joining us because he has got a brand new book that is in stores called Kings and Pawns. If you're watching on YouTube, you can see the cover right here and you will see a picture of Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson. My man, how are you?
Speaker 7I'm good. How are you doing?
Speaker 6All right. I'm great. I just got through reading the book. There's so many different directions that we can go in on this one because this is one of those books that was an incredible read. That kind of makes you feel bad about everybody. But at the same time, incredible. And I think as a lot of people may surmise and a lot may not because we're talking about two figures that I think are kind of one who is almost faded completely, but one who is fading from a certain omnipresence in American society. But the connection with Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson that those familiar with both will have is Jackie Robinson appearing before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1949 in large part to talk about Paul Robeson. And what you mentioned in the book about this book coming together I thought was interesting was this is such a big moment, but in the way that you put it, we haven't had a lot about how it came to happen in the first place.
Speaker 7No, that's right. And also what's crazy to me about it and just sort of working on these different ideas is to your earlier point, people don't know this story. I mean, these guys are giants. I mean, I'm talking about black people. I'm talking about when I would talk to other black people about this. This is a moment a lot of people would, one, didn't know it happened, didn't know that Jackie Robinson testified against Robeson and two, had no idea who Robeson was. And that was sort of chilling to me just from a literacy standpoint and from a history standpoint, like, do we know who we are? And I think that to me, what I was really trying to get at in working on this was these different, this continuum, this continuum of what black people feel they need to do. To prove, what do we need to do to prove our worth? And Jackie Robinson felt in the middle of the second Red Scare, in the middle of the U.S. versus the Soviet Union, in the middle of questioning patriotism and questioning Americanism, that on behalf of black people, he had to speak up against Robeson, who had given a speech in Paris where he had been quoted by the Associated Press of saying, it is unthinkable that black people. It is unthinkable that black people would fight against the Soviet Union in the event of a war. And so for Jackie to do that, the reasons to me were just really worth exploring.
Speaker 6So before we get to the particulars of the book, and I think you made a very important point about people not necessarily knowing who Paul Robeson was. Now, I say very often that I believe that Martin Luther King was probably the finest man. That this country has produced. Paul Robeson is probably the baddest motherfucker that has walked the grounds, the soil of the United States. And as we'll get to.
Speaker 7Black, white, or whatever.
Speaker 6Yeah, yeah, yeah. This is a different situation. What was the way he was referred? The tallest tree in the forest. That's right. Is the reference for him. And so for people who do not know who Paul Robeson was, Paul Robeson first came into the American consciousness as, of his time, the best college football player of his time. His era. He later goes to Columbia Law School. He becomes a lawyer. He is the most prominent singer, performer in this country. A bass baritone singer known all around the world. And also just, he's that dude, man. But he also had strong far left pro-labor politics that defined him as much as anything else. There is a great documentary by St. Clair Bourne on Paul Robeson that I remember seeing, I guess now, about 25 years. And I just sat up and watched this. And I was like, this is the most incredible man I can think of. And he's one of these cats where I think about dudes. Jackie Robinson is somebody that we talk about in these contexts. And it gets a little frustrating when white people start referring to a black person's dignity up front because it is whiteness in general. Yeah, that requires that dignity to be shown at all times. However, this is the most dignified man I've ever seen.
Speaker 7Yeah. And on top of that, it's the thing about Robeson is you just. You just need two or three or four pages to talk about everything he was. So not only the bass baritone, not only the concert singer, not only the singing in multiple languages, not only the Columbia educated lawyer, but also one of the greatest college football players of all time. And also he played in the NFL. He played in the first two years in the National Football League. And so you're talking about somebody who checks every box. In terms of just the unbelievable amount of talent. We talk about Jackie Robinson integrating the major leagues in 1947. Well, Paul Robeson integrated Broadway in 1943 with Othello. And to this day, it's still the record for most consecutive performances of a Shakespeare play on Broadway, 296 performances. And so Robeson was everything. And that is the thing about this book that I really loved was was rediscovering him and and recognizing just how big. A figure he was just. I mean, you could say that maybe Joe Lewis, you could say that Jesse Owens or Jackie Robinson were the most famous black people in the United States. Paul Robeson was the most famous black American in the world. Right. I mean, let's just when we ask that question, when we have done it of like, who is the most famous black person, black American in the world? We have talked about maybe Muhammad Ali. We've talked about Michael Jordan. He's in that category. Can you imagine generations? Of people not knowing who Michael Jordan was or not knowing who Muhammad Ali was? That's what happened to Paul Robeson.
Speaker 6And big. He was why we say he's the tallest tree in the forest. That was also literal to this. Six, three, two, fifty. Yeah. Back then.
Speaker 7Back then. Right.
Speaker 6Like my mother's father was about that size and was like the biggest dude that anybody knew at the time. So like when we talk about him being the best college football player, he's not like this isn't red grains or it's like, oh, look at him run. No man, this was a massive giant of a man. with the deepest voice that you had with not an ounce of back down in his soul without requesting your affection but demanding
Speaker 7your respect that's right and on top of that it's a reminder that time is not it's time is a little more flexible than we think his father was born a slave yes father was born into slavery right this man died in 1976 his father was born into slavery so we talk about these things being so long ago they're not that long ago that continuum is much shorter than people
Speaker 6think right and i think something the book does a very good job of and that i had not thought that much about truly is the way i think that we think about decades and eras of the 20th century is not really via the context of like geopolitical history but it's in the context of pop culture we think of the roaring 20s right we think of the 1950s 60s 70s 80s and 90s and distinctly because of these pieces of culture like we think of world war one and world war two but we don't talk about the teens in the 40s or even the 30s we talk about the great depression but we don't you know we don't talk about those eras in that same way and so for me what this book really starts talking about is a time period that is very very important which is really the 40s the 30s to a degree but the 40s also because kind of the cresting of the re-emergence of a certain measure of american segregation and a measure of american racism that wasn't the case um i talk ton of high school about this all the time reconstruction the most under-discussed and important period in american history but the terror of the second red scare of the 1940s is something that we never really talk that much about generally but also specifically out as it affected black people and as it affected black people in general so i think the key of this book is really the backdrop of it which is black people trying to get free trying to figure out exactly how to get free and how so much of black america including jackie robinson and especially the naacp made an enemy of paul robeson at the behest of the state because the state legitimately saw robeson as the most dangerous man in america that's
Speaker 7right and on top of that you you think about it that's what i mean by the continuum of the strategy so world war one 19 american involvement 1917 1918 and you have black people volunteering to fight with the expectation that when we come home we'll be treated as equals because we fought for the country as well but when we come home it's one of the most violent periods of american history toward black people tulsa east st louis the number of race attacks all across the country during that period which by the way coincides with the first red scare with the with the you know with the bolshevik revolution this idea that black people are coming for your jobs and so you have this period and during that period you're the black establishment giants a philip randolph w.e.b du bois they take the attitude that we need to suppress our civil rights demands in exchange for supporting the country it's a time of war we'll take our personal needs aside and we'll put those on the side and then you know and we'll fight for the country world war ii comes around and after experiencing all of that violence the new strategy is no we're not going to do that we're going to fight for both we'll fight for the country we'll enlist we'll volunteer but we also want our civil rights and so the response to that was the same when black soldiers came back nothing but violence for those soldiers coming home and whether you're talking about detroit they lynched in their uniforms lynched in uniform and that's the things like and that's what i found so interesting about this project was so many of our readers today so many people today are thinking about post 9-11 america thank you for your service you wear the uniform you get the special discounts people look at you with reverence if you had a uniform on in the 1940s as a black man you were a target you were a target of violence you wore that uniform at your own peril and so the battle taking place here moving in after the post-war after world war ii ends is okay what do we have to do now to prove that we're american we went and fought twice and came back and were subject to so much violence both times now you've got this new enemy the soviet union and now the the ask is to to prove that you're american by denouncing anybody who was associated with or friendly with or allied at some level with progressive left-wing politics and the naacp made a choice and that choice was hey we've got civil rights in this country we can't let anything come in the way of that and robeson once again was a giant he's the guy and the naacp attitude was you know you're going to ruin this for everybody you can't link us with this and and that has long-ranging consequences when it comes to you know not just civil rights the coming civil rights movement but also the the conversation of affordability and capitalism and all these other questions that affect black people what we're talking
Speaker 6about also is in this similar time period of the beginning of the integration of major league baseball which creates there's an irony to this and the book points this out it creates this figure in jackie robinson and a part of jackie robinson becoming a major league baseball player the integration of baseball is paul robeson meeting with the owners
Speaker 7that's right and robeson in 1943 december 43 meets with the owners and and to encourage them to open the doors to black players why because black people are fighting in the war and is there anything more american than baseball and what better way to show the world that this is a democracy as opposed to nazi germany than to have its national pastime open to all people and the baseball owners are like yeah no right and keep
Speaker 6in your mind there's some people who are like hey you know since there's this war and all the white boys over there fighting maybe you could use some of the colors that's right to help you know to help you out and they
Speaker 7were like that's right no they're like no we're not going to do that and what's really fascinating about it was is that jackie had been for years considered a pawn of the segregationists for testifying against robeson well the reason why they had asked paul robeson to come to speak to the owners was to actually was to actually counter a movement from the black press called the double campaign which was victory abroad victory at home meaning we'll fight for you over there but when we come home we want we want our rights and so there had been planned protests of major league baseball by the black press and once the black once baseball got wind that oh okay these protests for for civil rights are coming to your front step door you know when your doorstep we need to do something so strategically they invited robeson who was the hottest commodity in america because you know you know a couple months earlier he had just integrated broadway with othello and so he's the guy and so in a lot of ways the major league baseball owners used robeson the same way the house and american activities committee used robinson against him six years later and you know
Speaker 6i talked to you a lot while you were researching this book and i didn't fully appreciate that there were these documents that had now been available at the baseball hall of fame and it sounds like you got your first fingerprints on them because i don't know how much anybody else necessarily knew that they were there but the most interesting thing that you told me as it was going and it was in the book was that the owner's biggest fear of integration was not the integration of the field but i i let you hit
Speaker 7the punchline yeah exactly the question was not whether or not jaggy robinson was a good player or the whether satchel page was a good player it wasn't it wasn't the question as to whether or not they could play it was because they could play and what was the consequence of great black players was more black people coming to the field and they were playing and they were playing and they were coming to the stands coming to the ballpark using their money and what are the things we always talk about oh well green trumps everything no green does not trump everything the baseball owners were petrified that black players would make white fans stay away from the ballpark i don't want to sit next to black people in fact there was a there was a report that the that the owners sent to the commissioner happy chandler in 1946 after jackie robinson had a great minor league season in Montreal at the international league saying that he's the existential threat to the business that the success of this one negro threatens the financial uh stability and the financial values of all of our clubs because he attracts black fans and even
Speaker 6branch ricky was afraid the
Speaker 7the great the great integrator of major league baseball of major league baseball was afraid of and on top of that the note in that that report, you really read that report, the real feeling here is he has betrayed us in a way that we have never been betrayed. That signing Jackie Robinson was one of the greatest betrayals in the history of baseball, according to these owners. And that is the thing, that was another reason that I wanted to do this book, which was we talk about April 15th, 1947, as the great moment that it was, about how it made the fans feel. We talk about the sacrifices that Jackie met, but usually those things are centered on the vitriol that he received from fans in the stands. That's usually where we talk about what Jackie went through and how some of the players were mean to him or whatever. But what we never talk about is the real threat, was the fact that the institution itself did not want him. The owners of the game, not only did they not want him, but they were so angry at Branch Rickey for what he had done. Baseball had a whole strategy to keep integration from coming. They had agreed, the president of the Yankees, Larry McPhail, the owner of the Senators, Clark Griffith. They had agreed that what we'll do is we'll fund the Negro Leagues. We'll give you money. We know you guys are underfunded. To keep you out of our sport, we'll fund your sport. But we're going to keep that line completely separate. And Rickey broke ranks. Rickey went rogue. And they were just irate and wrote letters to each other saying, can you believe that he did this to us?
Speaker 6Yeah. And I think it's also interesting that I think in a lot of our minds, it's like, okay, well, now that this has happened, let's go. It's game on.
Speaker 7But it wasn't. Well, that's right. And it wasn't. It was not.
Speaker 6The Cleveland Indians. Also, ironically, the Indians. They had Larry Doby come next. They win the 1948 World Series, also of note, the last time they won one of those things. But you still had teams all the way into the mid to late 50s. That's right. That were not, especially in the American League.
Speaker 7Well, that's what is so interesting about this in terms of what does it take for Black people to be considered American? What does it take to be accepted? What does it take to prove your worth? And so Jackie Robinson, at the behest, really, of Branch Rickey, goes into a realm, that he's not comfortable. We look at Jackie as this great political figure. He was not into politics. He was asked to do this. He had no interest in doing this. So he goes and testifies on behalf of baseball. Out of a sense of
Speaker 6obligation, it's worth noting.
Speaker 7A sense of obligation to Rickey. This man put me on. This man opened the door for other Black players. He opened, he changed history. I have to do this. But I also have to do something else. And Jackie said this in his memoir, which is, I didn't want white people to think we weren't patriotic. I felt a sense of obligation there. If Robeson had the last word, then maybe they would think worse of us. And so he felt like he needed to do that. And Rachel Robinson also gave an interview where she said, Jack was one of those guys, my country, right or wrong. And you have the same battle today, which is whether or not do we sit this out after Trump 2.0? Do we stay involved? Do we back off? And Jackie's position was, I got a piece of this. This is mine too. You can do whatever you want to me, but I was born here. This is mine too. And so that conundrum really is the sort of the center of the book in terms of tactics. Do you stay in? Do you sit it out? And if you do go in, are you actually working on behalf of your people or are you against them in some ways? doing the one thing that we all know we're not supposed to do, which is to be in service of people who aren't interested in our success.
Speaker 6And I thought that you did not state this explicitly in these terms, but I think one of the more interesting juxtapositions between Robeson's approach and the approach of the NAACP and the larger aristocracy, and it's important when noting the NAACP, that when I'm talking about the NAACP in the 1940s, I am specifically not talking about W.E.B. Du Bois, who by then is on a complete other side of the aisle because there is this force that is the Communist Party that has popped up. And so this is before communism became a full-on bad word and was like, at that time, it was a bad word like hell is a bad word. That's right. It later became a bad word like you fuck-ass bitch, you see what I'm saying? Like it became a whole nother level, it had a whole nother magnitude to it. But as we're talking about this, on one side is the NAACP and Jackie Robinson aligned of that side, believing that if we could get these white folks to love us, then everything will be okay and we'll get what we need. Now, it was interesting to think that they thought that such a love was possible, given literally every piece of available evidence. But the thought was that if we could demonstrate that we really kind of just like you, we'll be okay. On the other side was the tallest tree in the forest demanding that he be respected, very much a ball player in this sense, right? The lack of back down and the insistence, the imposition of his will, he believed almost in making this happen. And what you have with Robinson and the NAACP as they are doing that is, well, a way we can show you that we love you is we can attack Paul Robeson. And a big part of this, obviously, is that we can attack Paul Robeson. And a big part of this, obviously, is when Robinson goes and testifies before the committee and says that Black people, we don't really ride with that Paul Robeson, like that. That's not really what we're about. But the irony of it all is those politics from the NAACP and Jackie Robinson also were straight aligned with the politics of Branch Rickey, anti-communist, general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. So at once, Jackie is doing, he's not doing the bidding of these Black people, but he's really specifically doing the bidding of this white man. Because the Black people in this case believe that doing their own bidding required doing that bit of bidding for the, capital T, capital W, capital M, the white man.
Speaker 7That's right. And once again, I mean, I feel like Jackie, whenever you go through this and I'm going, okay, well, you have to try to play this as much down the middle as possible because it's a by it's a dual biography in some ways. It wasn't a biography of each of those guys. It was of this moment in time. But Jackie has never survived this. His reputation has never survived testifying against Robeson. Malcolm X went at him for it. He felt in himself that there were Black people who viewed him as a sellout. The Black Panther Party went after him for it. He really didn't deserve what he got in some way. Because he understood it. He was upset. 1949, July 18th, 1949, when he testifies, that's four years after Branch Rickey has signed him. Four years. There were only seven Black players in the game. So that was the other piece of this was like, okay, this April 15th moment, 1947, we talk about this being the greatest moment in baseball history, et cetera, integration. But the owners were very much aligned with that report they had made. They did not follow. They were seven Black players on opening day in 1949. And five of them played for the Indians and the Dodgers. You had Jackie, Newcomb, Campanella, Satchel Paige, and Larry Doby. That's it. Right? And so the owners are actually doing exactly what they had said previously. We are not going to sign these players. And yet when Jackie goes out there to testify, the name of those hearings in front of HUAC, the House and American Activities Committee, really was the loyalty of Black people, communist infiltration of minority groups. But it really was a loyalty test of African Americans. And here's Jackie in the middle of it going, you haven't integrated your own sport. I've been here four years and there's only six other guys here with me. And to your point, Jackie, when Jackie retired in the. At the end of the '56 season, the Tigers, the Phillies, and the Red Sox still hadn't integrated. So that's the piece of this that's really interesting about what you feel like you have to do, and how at the end of this, you've got these two guys who were placed in opposition to each other, essentially ending up in the same place of disillusionment. Jackie Robinson did everything this country asked him to do. Just as Paul Robeson did everything this country asked him to do. And the reason why you talk about Robeson not having any back down was because Robeson had recognized when he was living in Princeton, when he was growing up at a young age, from his father. He had found that the white people were even more angry at him when he succeeded. When he was in high school in Somerville, when he won all those contests, and he was in the White House, and he was in the White House, and he was in the White House for diction, and oration, and the debate team, and in sports. The more he succeeded, the more vitriol he received, the more anger, the more resentment he felt from people around him, even in service of them. And that really hardened his politics and hardened his personal politics. These people do not want you to compete with them ever, even in service of them. And the way that he had placed it was, the way he put it, I use this often, is they wanted benevolence, but not equality. I mean, they'll give you some money for charity, and they'll help you out with your underserved and underprivileged stuff, and they'll throw some money your way, but not equals.
Speaker 6Coming up next, I want to talk specifically about Jackie Robinson in this, because I found in reading the book, and you and I, again, we've talked about this for a couple of years as you were working on it, like, so how exactly do I feel about him after knowing what we know? And it's a complex thing, and we'll talk about it next. Every Friday from 6 to 7.30, it's NBA Happy Hour on FanDuel, your pregame for the weekend. We're talking limited time. Specials you won't want to miss. Boosts, bonuses, surprises, all dropping in the app during Happy Hour. So before tip-off, check the FanDuel app to see the week's special. Then make your move before the shot clock expires at 7.30 Eastern. It's the perfect way to start your weekend. A little basketball, a little action, and a whole lot of Friday energy. That's NBA Happy Hour every Friday from 6 to 7.30 PM Eastern. Only on FanDuel, official sportsbook partner of the NBA.
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Speaker 7That was in January 1947 in the Sporting News, a sort of point-counterpoint column. And obviously, I was reading that going,
Speaker 6my goodness. How'd they get past an editor?
Speaker 7Because the editor was in on it too. Yes, yes. The editor was like, yeah, that makes sense. That tracks, that tracks. But once again, the point of it all is, in the construction, that chapter, at the beginning, I had decided to have chapter titles. And then at the end, I took them out because it all looked a little cluttered. And so, that chapter was originally titled, "The Illusion of Merit." And it was all about how merit was absolutely the last thing that you worried about when it came to Jackie Robinson, right? If there's one thing that we were certain of, it was, he could play. He could play. Even his opponents knew he could play. And Ricky knew he could play. And yet, the entire summer of 1946, and in the spring, in the winter and the spring of '47, before Ricky had finally officially called him up, was this debate as to whether or not Jackie Robinson could make the grade. When what they were really talking about, and didn't have the courage to talk about, was whether or not the game wanted him, whether or not white players would play with him, whether or not white fans, and even the fans, they came to see him. He was box office. So like the white fans that they said wouldn't come, they were, "We're actually coming to the ballpark anyway." But it just brings it back to the fact that the game did not want him. And I think that that was one of the motivations for me writing this book was this mythology that April 15th, 1947 changed attitudes. It changed the world. It changed how we viewed what was possible from black people being in the background to black people in the foreground. It's not true. It's not true. People went out of their way to not, you know, play this man. And what I wanted to concentrate on wasn't the mythology of it, was what is this doing to Jackie on a day-to-day basis? Like what is actually happening to him? I know he makes the fans feel good. And I know that there are all kinds of commentaries and stories and books and everything else about that great day when Jackie played in the major leagues. But what was happening to him? And what was happening to him was he was becoming more and more and more disillusioned with this country. I'm doing what you're asking me to do. And you're still rejecting me. -
Speaker 6Yeah. And I think something that I did not quite appreciate until reading this, even having like taken in some of the background on this, like I didn't feel like I was ignorant to Jackie Robinson's time with the Dodgers, but I don't think I had quite an understanding of how, I don't know if begrudged is the right word, but the white folks is a little tired of his guff. - Yeah. - But I don't think I had quite an understanding of how, I don't know if begrudged is the right word, but the white folks is a little tired of his guff. his guff. The guff, you know, he did his two years of having to put up with it then after that he was a guff fest
Speaker 7yeah he was robust he was like i'm not taking it from anybody anymore and he also just
Speaker 6consistently all right so what about this right so i thought you guys were going to work on this and so you were the press was interesting in you know the the the compilations that you have of media opinions of him and the word exhausting comes up and this is often the case i think you and i are both in the in the spaces in which we inhabit in our business i think it's cool at first yeah till they get tired of it then they
Speaker 7don't want to hear it exactly which is what you're seeing this is the backlash that you're seeing in the country today you know oh kaepernick protest then they get tired of it we don't want to hear it anymore oh well what about this well in other words be grateful for what you have it goes back to what what robison would say benevolence not equality just be happy we're giving you anything be happy you're here we don't you know and that's the whole point the giving not the earning we're giving you anything we're giving you anything we're giving you anything we're giving you something you're not earning this you haven't earned the right to speak we're giving you the opportunity to be here and that is a very very very different conversation that's the reason why when you're in these boardrooms seen but not heard and in jackie's case when his you know when his quiet period ended he let everybody have it but he let everybody have it the same way leo derosier let everybody have it the same way eddie stanky let everyone have it the same way all the other white ball players you know same way ted williams let everybody have it but it was different coming from him and so this also did two things the first thing it did was it completely continued to disillusion him the second thing it did actually did three things the second thing that it did was it really began to um demand that he be good for a long time because the millisecond that he slipped a little bit they're going to get rid of him and that is the third thing that it did was it really began to um demand that he be good for a long time because the third thing it did it created no goodwill for him going forward it was the feeling was mutual that as much as we talk about jackie robinson and he's got a freeway in new york named after him in schools and he's on a stamp and the whole thing by the time jackie was ready to retire they couldn't wait to get rid of him baseball had been trying to get rid of the dodgers had been trying especially after branch ricky had left to go to the pirates in 1950 the dodgers couldn't wait to get rid of him they were tired of all his mouth tired of him fighting about integration tired of him going on radio and saying that the yankees were a racist organization tired of asking how come these teams haven't integrated i've been here a decade they were tired of all of it and you know and it really did have great consequences on him going forward jackie only got like you got to get 75 to get into the hall of fame jackie got 77 wasn't like he was 90 you know unanimous and we talk about it like it's unanimous it
Speaker 6was not 300 9 out of 10 seasons
Speaker 7struggle he was the best second baseman of all time by the time he retired and the the the dodgers were tired of him they you know he had no relationship after charlie dress and left and and walter alston took over he had no allies and what do we know you need advocates in that game and so you know and and and then jackie found out as well once he retired and he was like oh my god i'm gonna retire i'm gonna retire i'm gonna retire now he's gonna go full-time into civil rights and what's he finding he's finding out that race is just the topic for for the the white allies that he thought he had all these other things were more important and so he was frustrated there and so he so the disillusionment was like you're not really about it and you put me up there in front of congress to talk about equality and what was possible in the united states and you're not really about it he stood tall for a lot of those years and then once he stood tall you had this new generation of activists who were like you're just uncle tom you know you're you're not about it right and so jackie was really sort of caught on both sides here and he's a fascinating fascinating uh study because he is he exemplifies the battles that we all go through how do you navigate that battle and how do you navigate that battle in the end he
Speaker 6wound up in so many ways being a man without a country and with a question like another one that you and i discussed for a while which is how possible it is to be a black conservative and not not end up in the territory of sellout like it's hard to make the argument about jackie robinson that he was just a toady for the white man right like it's just there's there's a lot of data on the other side he also said that he was just a toady for the white man right like it's also was and this is before it just became a completely foreign thought that this could happen but he was absolutely a black republican um he supported nixon in 1960 which he came to regret but his argument was that he really thought that people one thing to note about richard nixon is that at this time he was seen by black people as one of the good ones um and that he robinson firmly believed that john f kennedy did not care about black people at all that he had no concern for civil rights or whatever but by the time you get through the 1960s robinson is a voice within the republican party still talking about race and they don't want to hear any of this they got gold water out here in 1964 like nelson rockefeller wound up being his guy and there's a great story and i never had it made by jackie robinson about how rockefeller started kicking up with reagan and jackie was like hey man i gotta go talk to this man about this because i don't think this reagan dude is good news and he said that's funny he said the same thing about you that's the world that jackie robinson was in and then you look around and it's like where are your allies you're on the wrong side you're living in new york city you're on the wrong side of malcolm x you know through that through the time period where that was irrelevant piece of information everywhere it went he was a little too strident for the right wing of this country and not quite strident enough for the left wing that's right
Speaker 7and he recognized the association with nixon was a very clear one sports fan calip two californians and and nixon for everything else you might want to say about richard nixon he wasn't rich you know he wasn't a kennedy kennedy was you want to talk about coastal elite right i mean so jackie identified more with nixon and there was a sort of a mutual admiration there and jackie was also an old he was part of an old school tradition of black politics that doesn't exist anymore which was this idea that both parties that we needed both parties that we needed to have a voice in both parties in 1932 before uh the new deal before you know fdr takes over um black people identified almost 50 50 with both parties that's unheard of now it's like it's 98 percent you know democrat um democrat democratic leaning and so the the idea that you needed to have a representation in both parties jackie held strong to that even though he says he was an independent he leaned conservative he's from a conservative family and by 1963 when now you're starting you're really getting into the civil rights movement you've got medgar evers and you've got the you bombings at birmingham you've got everything going on there robinson's people in the gop are like yeah no not for us and robinson was really really angry about two things one he was angry that even earlier in 57 he was sending telegrams and how great is it for him to have a direct line to the white house saying hey you got to do something in arkansas you got to do something in little rock crickets and then when it came to mlk being um you know you know in the birmingham jail nixon didn't make the call and he's like these people aren't listening to me and then he writes a piece in the saturday evening post titled the gop for white men only and for it he was destroyed by william f buckley who is now once again it's the this is the new republican party and this is 60 years ago and so you could see that man without a because he had one other problem he also didn't understand the politics of it didn't know that you're here to be jackie robinson we're not here to listen to you you know you're here to be seen not heard and anyone who would think that doesn't know anything about jackie robinson
Speaker 6and on the other side was paul robinson who was literally rendered a man without a country and honest to god enemy of the united states of america at least in the eyes of j. edgar hoover in the eyes of the huac in the eyes of everyone else and it culminates to a point of something that i thought was interesting you talked about in the book i was aware of robinson having his passport revoked i was not aware that there was just a person who was in
Speaker 7charge of that one person ruth shipley can you imagine the power that this non-elected person no one has ever heard of, had complete control over who got to travel, who didn't. didn't, who was issued a passport, who wasn't, and that she was essentially an extremely powerful wing of anti-progressive forces. That not just Robeson, but a lot of left-leaning people, Du Bois took his passport for eight years. Robeson's passport held for eight years. We talk about cancel culture today. This is actually cancel culture. What was done to Paul Robeson, we talk about where we are in this country today. So much of what is taking place right now in terms of loyalty oaths, in terms of the assault on higher education, the weaponizing education, weaponizing the government against these political beliefs, that Paul Robeson had his passport. It was taken away from him for being a liberal progressive American, just for his political beliefs. He refused to sign an affidavit saying he was not a member of the Communist Party, not because he was a member of the Communist Party, but because you're not supposed to do that here. So here's somebody who's being called an American, and one of the things that he's doing is he's leaning on the premises of being an American. Isn't this what being an American means? And for that, lost his passport for eight years, lost his right to travel, lost his ability because while he's not allowed to travel, he wasn't even allowed to go to American territories. He couldn't go to Puerto Rico. He couldn't go to Hawaii. He couldn't go to Alaska. He couldn't go anywhere. He couldn't drive to Canada where you don't need a passport. The government ordered or asked the Canadian government to stop Robeson at the border. He was not allowed to leave the country simply for his political beliefs.
Speaker 6And they were terrified that he goes to these other places and that people listen to him. And they told him. Yeah, because at the same time, the government, there's a great documentary called Soundtrack to a Coup d'etat. It does not necessarily achieve all its goals of connecting jazz to this counter insurgency movement that the State Department was enacting all over the globe, but it makes it very clear that they were sending people around the world, Black people, to give a positive voice to the experience of Blackness in America. And they were terrified that the uncontrollable Paul Robeson was going to go all these other places and be like, man, that ain't it at all.
Speaker 7Well, you go one step further than that, Beau, actually, in that when you have, you know, when you see Draymond Green out there going to, you know, going to Israel, and when you see these Black athletes flying around the world doing these goodwill missions, the root of that program was specifically and written to counter the voice of Paul Robeson. That's why they exist. They exist to this day to stop him, to stop his voice, to shout down his voice that they are, and there are government memos saying, certainly there are other prominent African Americans that we can show because the Africans who were in the middle of these anti-colonial movements, these independence movements that were taking place at the exact same time of the civil rights movement, who are they listening to? They're listening to Robeson. They're listening to Du Bois. They're listening to the more radical voices that are really telling you what is happening here, and in order for Robeson to get his passport back, he was told he had to do two things. The first thing he had to do was he had to sign an affidavit saying he was not a member of the Communist Party, which he refused, and the second thing he had to do was they said, if we allow you to travel, you have to promise us that you will make no political commentary in any of your public appearances. They, and he refused that as well, and what was crazy about it all is that once the Supreme Court, now you've got the Warren Court in 1958, finally striking Ruth Shipley down and striking down this completely illegal, unconstitutional edict that they get to decide that you can be barred from travel for your political beliefs. Once that happened, nobody cared. Robeson got his passport back. Rockwell got his passport back, and then life went on. There was no introspection of what had we just done? What have we done to each other? Which is very similar to what I see happening now. People aren't saying, what are we doing? Like really sitting down going, who are we, and what is this really all about? And to me, that was the, every time I was working
Speaker 6on a chapter, I'm like, oh, what are we going to do? What are we going to do? Josh Levine did one on David Duke, and it was very clear that it was really about Donald Trump, right? Like where you read and you're like, oh, these are direct parallels. The parallels to today in this were very clear. With Robeson, the one thing I want to talk about, and Robeson's relationship with the Soviet Union and Russia is one that I will save for people for the book because it is really complex and strangely heartbreaking. That ain't even strange, but the way it all plays out, you're just like, it's kind of like when you get to the end of Animal Farm and the pig's on two legs. Like that happened to Paul Robeson in real life when it came to the Soviet Union. But we talked about this a little bit earlier. It is amazing how famous Paul Robeson was. And the decision was made very clearly to erase him from American life in his life and in his death. Like the idea that I would say 75 to 80% of the people who are listening to this are like, so tell me more about this Robeson guy. You'll go into his wiki page for the first time. You'll watch some of these documentaries for the first time. And it's truly not that long ago that he was the most famous black man in the world.
Speaker 7That's right. And the guy that I always think about when we have these conversations is Spike Lee.
Speaker 6Hold on one second. Let me make another point on that that I think is important. It be your own people. It's not just the white people made him disappear. How many Black History Month programs have you been to that spoke to the legacy of Paul Robeson? Like, I don't even know if they was doing it like that in Philly and New Jersey, right? The decision was made to sacrifice the black people. Honestly, the man and nobody in his position that I can think of had ever fought harder for us than Robeson. And we just tossed him.
Speaker 7And on top of that, well, once again, and that is the power of the Red Scare. That's the power of the times. The decision was made. In fact, when you're dealing with the Hollywood 10 and you're going to all of these actors and actresses out there, the decision had been made in a wonderful book called Naming Names by Victor Hale. The decision had been made. Okay, Lena Horne, we're not after you. Okay, Ruby Dee. Okay, Ossie Davis, Harry Belafonte, we're not after you if you give us Robeson. And Paul Robeson is the inspiration for all of them. There's not a black stage performer that has not followed in Paul Robeson's footsteps, including Denzel Washington, who played Othello, who has done everything that Robeson had done. I mean, this is the guy. He's the godfather of all of this. James Earl Jones, Keith David, Andre Brau, all of them. And so it was a tactical decision. Give us Robeson. One of the great giants of the civil rights movement, Bayard Rustin, said in the Marty Duberman 1989 Robeson biography, Titanic book as well, after Robeson gave the Paris speech in 1949, that the NAACP and the black establishment gathered to say, what's the strategy to sacrifice him? And I don't necessarily, and you were asking about this earlier, how we feel about all this. Yeah, was it impossible? People don't realize how disqualifying being associated with the Communist Party was in the 1950s. I understand that completely. But did you have to pile on? Like, did you have to? Silence was not an option.
Speaker 6Well, did you literally have to work in concert with the State Department? And I think that's the part- That's right. That struck me, was the, it wasn't just a, hey, man, maybe we can do a little something here, you know, maybe, no, no, no, no, no. Y'all was in it together.
Speaker 7Together. And in it together, you know, and it was the media too. I mean, Ebony was, you know, did a piece on, you know, has Paul Robeson betrayed the Negro? Paul Robeson? And so, but once again, one of the hardest things about doing history, and one of the hardest things about trying to do it well, especially, is recognizing that 1951 is not 2026. You have to be able to put yourself in that world. And, and some of the comps to me would be something similar to, you know, when Kaepernick was like, all right, who's with me? And guys are looking at their paychecks and looking at their contracts or, you know, or, you know, on college campuses today, when people are walking around, you know, pro-Palestine going, who's with me? And you got all these college presidents going, okay, whoever's with you ain't going to be here very long. So the price is everything. And I think the most important thing to remember about then versus now is these guys didn't have any real money. We're not talking about these guys being multimillionaires and lacking courage because they're, you know, because they're set for life. Paul Robeson went from making $125,000 a year in 1949 to making $2,000. I mean, that's real money. I mean, you're, You are sacrificing literally your entire livelihood.
Speaker 6I saw Robeson from the book. I thought this was such a great passage where he's like, those who stood by Paul Robeson, this is from after his death, those who stood by Paul Robeson saw no need for reappraisal because their belief in him had never waned. The tallest tree in the forest, the great forerunner, citizen of the world. He had provided shade for those with his commitment and values, and in return, he received their protection, gratitude, and veneration, along with many others in remembrance of Robeson. One letter to the editor in particular appeared as an indictment of society and the individuals who only now, too late, understood the true scope of Robeson and, as Jackie Robinson would describe it when recalling his own part of Robeson's downfall, America's destructiveness. As one letter would say of Robeson, he wasn't mentioned in history books like Nathan Hale. He wasn't mentioned on football game broadcasts like Red Grange. He wasn't mentioned in dramatic reviews like Barrymore. He wasn't mentioned by opera critics like Caruso. The man who was never mentioned, despite the fact that he truly excelled, not in one of the above fields, but in all of them. Like, I remember when he finally got in the College Football Hall of Fame. It was in the 1990s, and it was just kind of mentioned. I remember Chris Fowler being like, you know, Paul Robeson, it was a big deal back in the day, kind of, sort of. And I didn't. Which,
Speaker 7by the way, Beaumont
Speaker 6Jones, was based at Rutgers. Yes, yes. His alma mater. Just so everybody's clear. And look, I knew of Robeson as a name. But I did not realize how insane it was. Like, I thought it was maybe like, because I didn't think of him as an athlete, right? It was maybe like, oh, they just finally got around to that. You know that happens sometimes with a Hall of Fame. No, they just weren't doing it. The NAACP took him off the list of Spingarn medal winners. They just decided to act like the man wasn't here.
Speaker 7Yeah. They never officially took him off, but they never mentioned him as a winner. In fact, when Jackie Robinson won in 56, when they named him in 56 as a Spingarn winner, he was a Spingarn winner. They said he was the first athlete to be awarded the medal. Robeson played in college football and in the NFL, and he won it in 1945. So this is an erasing. I mean, this is an active erasing. You have to work at this. And in 1951, they were not afraid. I mean, the College Football Hall of Fame committee had said in 1950, I think it was 1951, that they didn't want to do it. They didn't want to do it. They did not consider Paul Robeson because of his communist affiliations. They just came out and said it. So we are actively erasing you. But when you say it be your own people, did we have to do that too? Right. And that's where I put Spike Lee in there as one of the most important figures. You know, I know I got you by a few years, but if you think about who Malcolm X was in 1988, 89, he's a villain. He's shaped by white people. He's shaped by white America. He was shaped in, we weren't even taught Malcolm X in schools at any level. You take Spike Lee and all the merch and the movies and the hats and everything else, and then you take hip hop with it. You take Chuck D and KRS-One with it and all the Afrocentric black movement, you know, hip hop movement. That's what revived Malcolm X. That's what reclaimed Malcolm X to us, which made him ours. You know, I mean, because before that. After that, Malcolm X was public enemy number one.
Speaker 6I'll tell you this too. We don't, it's, it's happened gradually. We don't talk about it, which is the slow erasure of Jackie Robinson. When they, I can't remember exactly what it was, but it was the mentions of Jackie Robinson and the defense department and all that stuff and taking those sorts of things back year by year. They still do Jackie Robinson day in major league baseball, but Jackie Robinson is very much a boomer hero. The boomers did a great job of canonizing. The events of their time, but now that they're getting older, we don't see that. We don't see that stuff necessarily being continued, right?
Speaker 7Well, that's right. Well, how can you continue it when the players aren't there either? Right. So Jackie Robinson day is a day that celebrated, not a time that celebrated. Yes. You know, it's something that is in the past. It's not something that is present because, you know, the 6.5% black players in the game
Speaker 6now. Yeah. Well, think about this. Jerry Stackhouse wore number 42 in the NBA. As a tribute to Jackie Robinson, like Jackie Robinson still loomed large in my twenties. That's right. As like, as a, as a significant historical figure in sports and in America. I don't know what Jackie Robinson means to you at this point, if you're 15, because he did mean something to us when we were 15, a hundred percent. Like, I don't have to go explain to people who Jackie Robinson is. And I feel like at 10 years, you
Speaker 7will, you may have to. And I, and that is also the reason why, and this is, I'm sure this is another conversation for another podcast. But this is the reason why you have to protect your own stories and tell your own stories. And if you don't have access, if you don't have the agency of your own history, your history is going to disappear. Not maybe kind of might disappear, will disappear. It's going, you're watching it erode right now. And that erosion isn't simply the idea of, well, you know, you got to talk about some ideas that you, you know, that you like. It's also if the doors are open. It's also if the doors are open, you're not going to be able to tell those stories because we're still not in control publishing wise of which
Speaker 6stories get greenlit. Kings and pawns, Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson in America, this book right here, you can go get it anywhere that they sell these books. And I'm telling you, I've read many of Howard's books. This is the best one that I've read so far. And as much as the material sounds heavy, I'm telling you, I ran through this in a day and a half. Like it is a technical masterpiece in that sense. It is an easy read. It is a consumer. It is a consumable read. There are very few wasted words in it. I highly, highly, highly recommend you go check it out. And you guys know me. I'm not telling you to go read something just because my partner wrote it. This is something that I think is important for people to check out. And I hope you get a chance to give it a read. Kings and pawns, Howard Bryant, my brother, I appreciate you. And best of luck with this, man. You did that.
Speaker 7Thank you, man. My pleasure. It's always fun to be able to tell stories that you think are important. We don't always, you know, we take it for granted. Don't take it for granted.
Speaker 6There we go. Ladies and gentlemen, thanks so much for joining us here on The Right Time. We do this four times a week. Ryan Brumley handling everything behind the scenes. Thank you, sir. Remember, hit our voicemail line, 323-596-7767. And remember, follow The Right Time. And we'll talk to you guys in a couple of days. Take it easy.
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