Biotracking, Age Reversal & Other Advanced Health Technologies | Episode 8

I'm David Sinclair. I'm a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and I'm also co-director of the Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research. In this podcast series, we're talking about why we age and how to slow, stop and even reverse that process to give us longer and healthier lives. In this episode, this final episode of the eight part series, we're talking about the very near future, what's coming down the line that will potentially greatly extend our life spans. I'm joined here by my lovely co-host and my co-author of life span, Matthew Lapland. Welcome. Hey, thank you. So, yeah, we've been talking over the last few minutes about what the future really looks like and how much it's going to change our lives, but even how hard it is to predict the future just a few years out because things are changing so quickly. Well, in fact, we set off to give some predictions when we worked on life span together and a lot of the things that you had said, you envision coming down the line, maybe five years out, maybe 10 years out, by the time the book had published, and certainly now two years after the book had published, they're already here. We even have this illustration in the book of a person going online, doing a telemedicine interview with a doctor and having medicines delivered to their home in that case by drones, but we're pretty much already there, thanks to the pandemic. Yeah, we are. And I think there's a lot of other things that are just coming a lot faster than we could have even envisioned. And also, in part because of the pandemic, because the pandemic has really brought so many of us face to face with some of the constraints of how our world was organized in the before times. And how that, it's not very flexible. It's not very responsive to the needs that we are experiencing, not just in the pandemic, but also as we re-orchestrate our lives in the 21st century. And even when we wrote the book, there was pushback, even within our conversations, how realistic is it that people will take their own healthcare, medical care into their own hands? And would they be allowed to? And we've been rapidly pushed into that world where you can take home tests for pretty much anything, you know, blood tests for pretty much anything. Of course, doctors have to be involved, but you don't have to go to a doctor's office. Right. And in the future, it's going to be rare to go to see your doctor. Most of it's going to be done remotely. And you won't even know the doctor that's involved in prescribing something. And thank God, really, because there's really no experience, people like less than going to the doctor. If you can do that in the comfort of your home, it's going to be a better experience. Well, yeah, I was pretty sure I would get sick or when I went to that waiting room with people coughing and sneezing everywhere. Hospitals are just as bad. It's pretty risky, particularly as an older person going to the hospital. And if you don't need to, if you can be monitored at home, which is increasingly possible, then a lot of people won't die from an infection that they would typically get at the hospital. You said monitoring. And I think this is a overarching theme of this podcast series so far. One of the things we've said again and again is that you can't impact what you don't measure. And so today we're going to talk a lot about wearables and implantables. And we're going to talk about how these innovations along with skilled access to biological aging clocks is going to change the way we address health. Yeah. And before we get to that, this podcast is made available freely. And the reason is we have sponsors that help us monitor our bodies and keep the nutrition at the right levels based on that feedback. Our first sponsor is levels. Levels is an app that sinks with a continuous glucose monitor, which they provide and interprets your glucose data for you. I've been so impressed using levels that I recently joined the company as a scientific advisor. By monitoring your blood glucose, levels allows you to see how different foods affect you. I've had fun running tests of my own, seeing how different foods impact my blood sugar levels. For example, I've learned that white rice really spikes my blood sugar, whereas potatoes don't. As we've discussed on this podcast, having stable blood glucose is very important, not only for daily mental and physical energy, but also for long term health. So if you'd like to try levels, you can skip the 150,000 person weight list and go there straight to the top of the line and join today by going to levels.link/sinclair. That's levels.link/sinclair. Today's episode is also brought to us by Athletic Greens. Athletic Greens is an all-in-one daily green string that supports better health and peak performance. It's developed from a complex blend of 75 vitamins, minerals, and whole food sourced ingredients. It's filled with adaptogens for recovery, probiotics, prebiotics, and digestive enzymes for gut health, along with vitamin C and zinc citrate for immune support. I've been drinking Athletic Greens each morning for a number of years now, as a way to cover all my nutritional bases. I'm often traveling, sometimes I die it isn't the best, and as what happened today, we ran out and it was really painful not having a start of the day with Athletic Greens. So if you'd like to try Athletic Greens, you can go to Athletic Greens.com /sinclair and claim a special offer. They're giving 5 free travel packs plus a year's supply of vitamin D3 for immune support and vitamin K2, which keeps the calcium out of your arteries and keeps it in your bones where it belongs. Again, go to Athletic Greens.com/sinclair, my last name, to claim this special offer. Today's podcast is also brought to us by Inside Tracker. Inside Tracker is a personalized nutrition platform that analyzes data from your blood and your DNA to help you better understand your body and reach your health goals. I've been using Inside Tracker for over a decade and I'm the chair of the Scientific Advisory Board. The reason I've long used Inside Tracker is because they provide the best blood and DNA analysis that I'm aware of. They make it easy to get your blood drawn, you can either go to a nearby clinic or like I do have someone come to your home, it's really convenient. From there, Inside Tracker analyzes your data and presents that data in an easy to understand way. Another feature that Inside Tracker offers is their inner age test, which I help develop. This test shows you what your biological age is, how it compares to your chronological age and what you can do to improve that number. So if you'd like to try Inside Tracker, you can visit them at insidetracker.com/sinclair and then you'll get a 25% discount off any of their plans. Use the code "sinclair" my last name at the checkout. David, let's get into this. To talk about the future, we have to talk a little bit about the past. We have to talk about the world we're in right now when it comes to healthcare. Right now, our healthcare system is based on a model that has developed over the last few hundred years and that model basically amounts to, wait till you get sick, then go see your doctor. When you and I have talked about this before, you said that actually makes plenty of sense in the context of the 19th and 20th centuries. It does because doctors had no way of knowing if you're sick other than asking you how you feel and they couldn't do that remotely, certainly not through video, but they also needed to feel you and to take samples in the office. Right now, you can wear a biosensor, a monitor or do a blood test from home or a local clinic that will give the doctor way more information than they could ever get by seeing you in person. So at Case In Point, I saw my doctor maybe six months ago and I hadn't seen him for a year and it was a video conference and it was a very, supposed to be very quick, 10 minutes. He said, David, how do you feel? Feeling good? How you sleeping? Not so good? Well, you should get more sleep, try to not do your emails too late. Anything else you want to talk about? And I said, yeah, there's a lot. I'm, you know, 52. I could have colon cancer. I could have all these other issues. Let's do some tests. And he says, well, okay, what kind of test do you want? So I said, what about a prostate cancer test? For my age, it could be, I could have prostate cancer. My neighbor just died from prostate cancer. And he said, well, do you have a family history? Not that I know of. Do you feel sick? No. Because well, then there's no need to do the test. I said, hold it right there. Hold it right there. Are you telling me that I need to have a large tumor in my prostate that's causing me to be sick before I come and see you? And he said, yeah, yes, yes, that's the moral medicine in the 20th century. It's often too late. Then I'm on my way to death. So these days, there are tests that you can do that your doctor can order. There's a new one that's just about to be released by a company called Garel that, and there are many others that can, with a finger prick or a little blood test from a local clinic, you can detect 50 different types of cancers before they even become tumors and kill them years before they would show up and have you go to a doctor, which is often too late. Let's talk about why that is because when a cancer cell starts to form, when a tumor starts to form, it begins releasing into the blood stream these signolers, blood analytes. And if we can detect those, we can detect cancer at the very, very early stages. Well, that's right. And they give off a lot of different signals out of the breath. And in the blood stream, they leach proteins, they leach DNA, RNA. And even the types of DNA that come out, this little fragments, they have little ends. They're not, it's not the whole chromosome that comes out. They get chopped up. The cancer cells die and outcome, these little pieces. Those pieces have chemicals on them, the DNA methylation, the clock that can be read. And even at the ends, how they were cut up by enzymes in the cell can tell you, indeed, that is a stage one liver cancer, even though we picked it up in the blood stream, which means we don't don't now need to wait for a tumor to grow, to metastasize, for it to spread into other systems in the body. There is increasingly a chance of catching these kinds of problems earlier. And it's not just cancer. It's a lot of diseases, heart disease, which is not a cancer, right? Also, there are signs of heart disease that you can pick up through these early warning signals. Exactly. In cancer, we've been slowly reducing the incidence of cancer and particularly the ability to survive cancer. It's been, we have uncured cancer, but it's gotten a lot better, particularly for diseases like breast cancer, lung cancer too. What I'm excited about is that this new development that's not come from oncologists, but from people who develop these tests, the geneticists that can find blood, what it's called circulating DNA. This is going to dramatically reduce the incidence of cancer. And certainly the death rate, why? Because if you catch a tumor when it's small, you take some chemotherapy and you kill it off before it spreads and it's too late. That's cancer, heart disease. Heart disease you can measure through blood tests. We do inside tracker. You can see that there are inflammatory markers that predict cardiovascular disease. But also what's coming along that will be added to those blood tests is the ability to measure your heart's function. I wear a device that's right here. This one's called a biobotten. You can see it's about an inch. You know you want to take off your shirt. Do you want me to take off my shirt? I don't personally need you to take off your shirt. I just know that you've been waiting for the opportunity to take off your shirt on camera. That is not true. But I can show you. He's been waiting for the opportunity. He's shy now, but he wants to do it. It's like an iron man. We don't need to have a little device, right? In the middle of your chest. What is this thing? Tell me, what is this thing monitoring right now? Well, so instead of going to your doctor once a year for an annual checkup, this thing's monitoring my body a thousand times a second. For vibration, it can hear me how I speak, how I cough. It's looking at my movements, how I sleep during the day, how I move. But most importantly, for this device, it's measuring my heart in many different ways. It's actually an FDA approved EKG. This is something that you have to put stickers all over your body that doctors used to measure it. The sign way is in whatever you can now do it with your wristwatch, though that's not FDA approved. This one is the real deal. What's being used for mainly now is to send patients home early who have experienced a heart attack or have had heart surgery just to see if they're doing a right at home and hospitals save tens of thousands of dollars that way for something that only costs about $20. Why wait for somebody to have a heart attack and then send them home with one if you can put them on people who are at risk of heart attack or even before then they become at acute risk of heart attack, right? I mean, like if we can start monitoring people early on, figure out what their normal rhythm is, be attentive when that rhythm starts to falter, we can catch things really, really early. We will. There's a future already that's here that this device will send a note to my doctor or nurse that's scanning hundreds and eventually millions of people. And there'll be a red alert, be like minority report. I've seen this sexually in development. You call it up. His David's heart and the kidneys are also having an issue. The doctor then looks at it. It's probably, or she is playing a golf game or doing something else, but they can see it. They go, "Okay, this person's about to have a heart attack. Send in the robot. This might be a molecular dynamics like Lex Friedman's robot." Yeah. And I want to talk about the future, but I think we need to first sort of like set the stage for what's actually going on right now because it's not just heart monitors. That thing is not monitoring your blood, but you do, you're also wearing, and I'm wearing also something that is actually actively monitoring our blood. Yeah, this is the levels continuous glucose monitors on our arms here. And we've been playing with this the last week together. We've been competing to see who's got the lower blood sugar levels. And we just measured it before we went on air and were identical. So that's. You're winning like by a percentage point right now. Right. But we're both healthy. Eating meals together after this past episode is that what we eat really makes a big difference. So things like rice and grapes for me really spike it. Potatoes, not so much. Have you learned anything with this device? I feel like I've learned more about blood sugar in a week of wearing this device than I knew about my entire life before then. Now I should say, I'm not diabetic. I'm not pre-diabetic. So there was really under the traditional paradigm of how we diagnose and treat diseases, there was no reason for me to know what my blood sugar is. But I'm realizing now, honestly, realizing now that there is a reason. And the reason why is it fundamentally changes the way that I think about the foods that I'm putting in my body. Because I'm now thinking about it in context of, will this do something to me that I know is not very good for me, which is spike my blood sugar. Exactly. And it's similar to scales in your bathroom. It's known that if you're told to weigh yourself every morning, you will lose weight more often than not. And I like in these two scales. We can measure our bodies. I mean, who's to say we're not allowed to look inside our bodies? There are doctors who don't believe that these should be allowed to be. Well, in fact, you have to have a prescription for this right now. You do. You do. And until further studies are showing that they're safe, that's a reasonable thing. But I do believe that people have the right to look inside their bodies and we can interpret the data. And you shouldn't wait until their disease to do so. Exactly. So right now, there are some in the medical establishment that think that these should only be used for diabetics. My argument is a bathroom scale is only for those who are morbidly obese. No, anybody can use them to tell more about their bodies and how they can improve. Wearables have come a really long way. So this is a blood glucose monitor. This is sort of like in a, there's a long and rich history of blood glucose monitors. These were sort of the first wearables to come along. And the first at-home tests that people could use. Right. The history is pretty interesting. The first ability to measure glucose in blood was way back in 1962. It wasn't until 1973 that there was a desktop or like a bench top analyzer. It was more like a fridge. The thing was huge. It was massive. But in the '93, you could finally send in a sample of blood and have your glucose measured. And that's how it's been done for really up until these devices came along. Increasingly, we're now seeing wearables being able to do it. Watches, these semi-invasive needles. Eventually, what we're going to have is the ability to incorporate it into one of these stickers and not just one measurement, but hundreds. And that's really where things start to get very informative and very interesting because what you can do is now you can decide based on your genetic profile, your propensity for disease, perhaps even the way that your genes have been methylated over time, you can decide what the biomarkers are that you need to know. You can do this in consultation with your doctor, another advisor who understands these things best. You can say, okay, what I want to watch is for this and this and this. Right now, you can look at pretty much lots of people have access now to blood glucose, but we're going to be able to look at all sorts of other blood biomarkers. Yeah, there's an interesting point that it's kind of the end of the story about my doctor. Even though my doctor was reticent and eventually capitulated in giving me that prostate cancer test, thank you, Dr. Peter. And you're all good. I'm good, yeah. Right. And it's a very simple test called the PSA test if you're wondering. But what's happening is it's not that he's a bad doctor. It's that the medical system is not set up to give tests willy-nilly to people that aren't yet sick. And then I covered by most people's insurance, unless you reach that threshold again, like this whole system, right? Like the insurance system says, yes, we will pay for it, but only once you're diseased, which is asked backwards. It is. And there are countries that have realized this. So Australia provides sunblock on beaches. They also provide free colon cancer tests. You just poop and send it off. Everyone in Australia gets a free colon cancer test. It saves billions of dollars down the line. Today in the US, pretty much you have to pay for a lot of this yourself, but a lot of people realize that it's worth it. And getting back to my doctor, what he said was, oh, you have all this data from inside tracker. Let's look at it. So I call up on the screen all the data and he's loving it. So doctors are not at least in the case of my doctor. He's not upset that I'm measuring myself. In fact, he would do it for everybody if the insurance would pay for it. Yeah. I also have a very old school doctor and I love him to death. I'm going to actually go see him next week. I'm really looking forward to bringing my chart to see him because from the levels data. Yeah. Because I think this is going to inform our conversation in a way that we've never had before. Well, exactly. And it's just the beginning of being cognizant of that your body matters and is changing all the time and there are days and months where it's going to be way out of whack. And you wouldn't know unless you were measuring it. It's all about, as we wrote in lifespan, the book, you need a dashboard for your body. In the same way, you need a dashboard for your car. You wouldn't drive your car without a dashboard. Well, you could, but you wouldn't get very far. You'd run out of gas. We need that for our bodies. And it's really time that we do that. And what we'll have is a massive reduction in diseases like all cancers, but colon cancer already. And I have heart attacks be a thing of the past pretty much because your doctor will know days in advance before. we actually have a cardiac event. And other things, including depression, anxiety, these can also be measured by the devices that we have on our bodies or even in our hands. Or the ones we type on, these indicate diseases. Speaking of typing, you can tell if someone's getting Alzheimer's or Parkinson's just by how they type. - Also by their movements around the house, there are systems that are doing that now. Again, before we get to futuristic, I know this is one of the things I really like about our conversations. You're always like, let's talk about the future, but I really wanna talk about what's available right now because right now, if someone wants it, there are a variety of products that take a variety of measurements. There are glucose monitors like we're wearing, there are lactate monitors, there are body fat, muscle mass, body fat percentage monitors, ECGs, caloric intake, temperature, UV exposure, sleep quality, blood oxygen. What, those are the things that are just on the market right now that you just type into Google, I want this monitor, you can get it. What are the five biomarkers that you would want to have? If I just said, you can only have five this week, what are the five that you would want? - Well, I'm already measuring a lot of those. So glucose. - You're doing the inside tracker, which is a regular, what, monthly or what? - It's my constant, that's true. - So what would you wanna be able to monitor glossantly? - So I would want one of these devices to not just tell me glucose. I want it to include heart function, which I'm doing as well. But I also would include inflammation. So there's a molecule called CRP, which I always wanna keep low 'cause that's a really good predictor of cardiovascular disease. - CRP is. - CRactive protein. - Yeah. - And so we've got glucose, CRactive protein, inflat inflammation. So this would be TNF alpha or IL-16. These are also predictive of longevity. - I want cortisol, keep my stress levels down, or also telling me if I overexorcise. - I would love to see your cortisol chart. - I have it all, I've got 10 years of data, dude. - Like no, I would love to see your like minute by minute cortisol chart. - Well, yeah. Hanging out with you raises it for sure. (laughing) And then I think that's for the fifth one. Let's see, I would like to know lactate would be great, because that would tell me if my body is able to deal with exercise adequately, and maybe blood oxygen too. So when I'm exercising, making sure that I get hypoxic, which as we've talked about, is one of those adversity mimetics that turns on your body. Well, it is an adversity, but it's a hormisus that doesn't kill you, but makes your body stronger in the long run. - In the very near future, we are going to have wearables and semi implantables, by which I mean, like things that maybe stick a small needle into your arm, very painlessly, like the level sensor does. In the sort of still fairly near term future, but a little further out, nano biosensors. - Right, and they're being developed. I can already get those from companies, they're not yet commercially available, and I've tried these out. This one will measure a variety of things through the skin, including analytes, glucose eventually. There are companies that are, including levels, that are going to be measuring hundreds of things. That include the things that I mentioned, these nano sensors they use, they don't just use these chemical reactions, they'll have antibodies that can detect proteins, they can detect DNA, methylated DNA, and they will be implanted eventually under the skin. So if they may last for months, you just recharge them, put one of those coils on the hand, maybe for an hour, you know, it's five minutes, you've recharged this thing and you go to go, and they could stay in you for life. And we were discussing it, so we're going to a bit of an argument for you on air. And maybe you want to hold me back because this is a longer discussion, but I think that everybody should have a biosensor in their body at every age, so that parents, doctors can monitor how people are doing and make better decisions about food and lifestyle. - Well, and the thing is that we are very quickly going to be entering a world in which there is so much data that we're gathering by ourselves, that it's just going to become incomprehensible to process by itself, and a lot of the signals that there's gonna be a lot of noise, the signals are gonna be hidden, we're gonna need AI to help us understand this, which means that it's not just about wearing the monitor 24/7, it's also about where the data goes. This is a real concern that we were having this conversation about. And what that means is that it's gonna have to be uploaded to a cloud somewhere to a presumably a company. I don't think most people want a government to doing this for them, although in some countries we know that's probably gonna be the case. We're starting to tread into a future that I think a lot of people are rightfully a little bit nervous about, or a lot nervous about. - Well, it's going to be a company, the government is not developing these things, and there are many companies doing a small end lodge. We know Amazon, Google, Apple, they have their health divisions, but there are a lot of little startups developing devices that may be acquired or maybe come the next healthcare giant. It is a problem though that this data is massive. There's terabytes of data that I'm collecting on my body, and multiply that by billion or so people. That's gonna be a lot of data. First of all, where do you store it? Who owns it? What will be done with it? Is it anonymized? Is it under the HIPAA Act, hopefully, in America that will protect it from being used against you? I was on a podcast with Lex Friedman, and he brought up a really important point, which was we have to have these rules in place before we start giving all of this data away. And he would want one of the main things is that you have the right to delete your data if you choose to. And I don't think we're there yet. A lot of these agreements don't include that, but that would be something that we should definitely start a conversation about. I'm in touch with some senators and congresspeople about that. This is a world that's coming. It's not a question of if it's just when and it's only the next few years that these rules should be put in place. Yeah, I mean, nobody should be waiting to talk about this. This is an important thing that we need to get right and we need to get it right really quickly because the technology's not waiting for the laws to catch up. One of the other things that we should mention is, particularly when we're talking about genetic data, when you consent as an individual to release your genetic data, you're not just making a personal choice. You're actually making a choice for your family who share genetic data with you, your parents, your children. This is not just a personal decision. Yes, every time one of your relatives puts their DNA and their genetic data into a database, it affects you. Yes, not just their information as your information too. Yeah. And so one of the uses of this obviously is that your family learns about their health. But another aspect is that you can use it to solve cold cases. In the case of the Golden State Killer, the case where there was a man for decades going around, murdering people of 13 murders, 50 rapes, 150 burglaries, they finally found a hair from this individual. It didn't have the roots, but there wasn't much DNA. But Ed Green and his team at a company, Australia, that I work with, they were able to get enough DNA out of that hair to track him in a, and find a relative of him in one of these data bases. You think one of these public databases where the relative freely voluntarily given their information? Right. And triangulating other aspects that they knew about this individual, they said, "How this is the guy and they arrested him and he's in jail now." And did lots of police work like this in recent years? And I think a lot of people look at that and they go, "Oh man, that's really great. What a great application." The same technology used by a government that wasn't looking for a murderer, but a dissident. Or a journalist could be really, really dangerous. Right, so that's why these laws need to be looked at and made sure that they are totally tight so that there cannot be a dictator or some sort of change in government law that can use this data for nefarious purposes. The other way that our health data affects other people is in infectious diseases. And so there's another question here about, "Okay, so let's say like a well-meaning government, right?" Identifies a contagious virus, right? And we can track these things now with millions of people wearing biomonitors everywhere. You get a spike in one of these analytes and all of a sudden whoever is tracking this, wherever they are knows, there's a virus here, it's spreading. And I think we're all a lot more cognizant of what this kind of looks like and feels like in the era of COVID. But what if it was a disease like Ebola, not COVID, which is by itself very dangerous and very deadly for a lot of people? But what if it's a virus that's deadly for almost everyone? Right, there will be big decisions to be made by governments as to what is privacy and what is collectively good. And we've seen that over this relatively minor pandemic, the big one is going to come in in our lifetimes probably as we wrote about in lifespan. I'm on the front lines of this as well. I was building a company, have a company called ARC Bio that is able to detect viruses and fungi and bacteria in human blood and any sample from a spit sample. In the effort to get ahead of COVID-19, now it came a little too early, we weren't ready. But there are patients now that are being monitored by ARC Bio's technology with a blood test that sees everything in the body. And instead of pulling out the human DNA from a hair, what we do is we pull out the human DNA and see what's left behind. And those are the pathogens. And we can actually diagnose an infectious disease without even knowing what to look for. - There's a lot of implications here that once again, like, we should be talking about now, rather than waiting. If people are going to be engaged in anything about the internet of things or what some people are calling the internet of body, this is the thing that we should really be focused on and talking about because it's not just voluntary patches that we're wearing. We're figuring out lots and different ways to collect this information. It's going to get easier and easier. And a lot of people are going to do this because it looks convenient. - Yeah, well, let's go through some of the sensors that are here now and ones that are just about to come on the market. Look at me, I'm wearing the blood glucose monitor which we've talked about. We love, I've got a ring that measures my sleep and my heart rate and my movement really need to focus on sleep. This helps me. It makes me cognizant of my sleep. I've got one of these watches that does heart, it does movement, walking, exercise. So I'm already a bit of a side note. - And you got the one on your chest? - Well, don't forget that, yeah, this one's not commercially available, but we'll be soon. - And you're doing the inside track or blood draws. - Right, so I know a lot about my body and I've actually been getting healthier and fit over the years because of it. It's no accident and I love what I'm able to do. I'm a scientist and I can correct things when they're out of whack and not optimal. And I wouldn't be able to do that if I didn't monitor it. But I'm excited about the other things I'll be able to monitor. Right now I'm blind to speaking of which, contact lenses. Contact lenses are one area you can measure blood glucose levels. There's, there are two sensors or you can measure bacteria in your mouth. You can also currently through Viom and other companies, I was talking to the CEO Viom the other day, Naveen Jane. He's got a colon cancer test that works better than anything on the market, but he also can see health and give you supplements that will improve your health based on what's in your gut. And that's going to be monitored as well. I'm not sure how maybe in the toilet. Is that a poop test? Right now you send off your poop, but eventually it'll be a device in your home. Which is literally something people are doing right now. They're sending their poop by mail to, yeah. Yeah, it felt weird going to the store with a box full of my poop, but I did it in the case of a colon cancer test, which a lot of Australians are doing just normally, but it is weird. Who should probably say it's not a whole poop. Wait, did you send a whole poop? Well, what do you think it is? It's just a swab. I think it's a fairly large piece of poop in a jar. Wow. Okay, so this is, this is, it was a big door. And then we live in, and then you put in liquid and you shake it, it's gross, but I learned that I didn't have colon cancer, so that was worth it. It probably worth it, right? And I think a lot of these, this sort of like the overarching theme here is that a lot of these things come with trade-offs, they come with the trade-off for the potential for embarrassment. There are privacy implications. We have to measure those trade-offs against what we potentially can gain. Some of these other biosensors are put into mouth guards. Felectite? Is it your guess it? I don't, the mouth guard biosensors, I'm not sure what they're using, although I have heard them implicated in like, youth athletics, because when you have a concussion, you immediately start to see markers in the blood, and so those can presumably in the saliva too, those can test those, there's temporary tattoo biosensors, and there's also sweat microfluidic biosensors that can detect all kinds of hormones. Right, and then eventually we'll have these optimized athletes as well, already they're wearing a lot of devices, but eventually they'll be monitored for all sorts of things. They're like a formula one racing car. Well, but what you're suggesting though, is that eventually everyone will, from pretty much every age, be being monitored, you said thousands of times each second. Doesn't it make sense? Makes sense to me, I wouldn't want to walk around potentially going to have a heart attack tomorrow, or having cancer growing me and not know about it. I want to know this stuff, and that's what I think will link in our lives by another decade beyond what we're able to do with changes to lifestyle. Let's bring this together with aging though, because so far what we've really been talking about is the transitions that we can see in our biochemistry that take us from states of wellness to states of disease. That's really important. How aging fits into this is also important. Well, there are a number of ways to measure your biological age. I've used inside track of for over a decade now to steadily get, ostensibly younger, biochemically over that decade. I was 48 and it spiked. My age went up based on their inner-aged test. Then I changed my lifestyle. I started taking anamen, metformin, and got that number in a rage down to 31.4 in a matter of months. That doesn't mean I was literally that age. Just means that my blood by chemistry marker has matched somebody that was more like 34. Right now in order to have your biological aging assessed through one of these methylation clocks, it's pretty expensive. It's really time consuming. It can take weeks, if not months to get results back. You're involved in an effort to try to bring down both the price point and the time period that people have to wait to learn their biological age. Yeah, these tests aren't perfect right now. They're fairly expensive. They take weeks to get results. But that's going to change. The student in my lab, you know Patrick Griffin. He's been his PhD trying to figure out how to make it cheap. And he figured it out. We've just put a paper online. Viewers can go and download that. It's a site called BioArchive, Sinclair Griffin, Keyword TimeSeek, SEQ. That paper is describing a way to do this methylation clock for a thousand times less. We're spinning out a company. We're in the process of hopefully, in the next few months having a product available. So people can at home do a cheek swab and routinely measure their biological age, which is important because there are ways to slow down and stop aging soon, reverse aging. And without that test, you won't know what's working for you. People can sign up. We haven't got the product yet, but there is a website. It's doctorsinclair.com, spell out the word doctor. doctorsinclair.com. And you can get on a wait list. Do that because the more people we have, the more experiments we can do together to figure out what slows aging and even reverses it. Once you have that number and bringing that together with all of these other metrics that we've been talking about the measurements of the microbiome, the measurements of the blood analytes, all of the stuff that you're getting from like your smartwatch or whatever sensors you're wearing, you can start making decisions in your day-to-day life. Let's talk about some of those. What does this look like in terms of the way that we eat in the future? Because what we've already said is you've got to eat better. But this is eating better and eating more informed as well. Yeah, well, there are a couple of companies that we're involved with and they support this show that tell us what we can eat. So levels is telling us what's bad to eat for raising blood sugar and what we should avoid. The app actually, we were looking at this together, you can compare foods with this app, which is fun. Inside tracker also provides nutritional recommendations. You might want to, if you're deficient in vitamin D, they send you off and you should eat more salmon, even have recipes. It's a place to say that we're entering a world where you'll be able to look at your phone, it'll tell you what things to buy at the shop at the supermarket and even what local restaurants you can go to and which meals you should have to optimize your health. Once we have all these measurements, you can watch a biological clock from week to week. You can watch your blood analytes go up and down within the course of the single day. You can watch your heart rate. You can watch all of these things. Once you have those things, you can start making decisions about the way that you eat, which is really one of the biggest ways that we can impact these. Well, that's what I do. It's not just that you can, you should. And sort of decisions that you can make are, okay, if you're deficient in vitamin D, you can be directed towards eating certain foods like fish that have vitamin D. Or if you have certain high levels of cortisol, reduce your stress, do your meditation, don't exercise so hard. These are tweaks to your life that otherwise you wouldn't know that you needed to do. And the apps that will sort of help you along with this, right, Jemen? You're not going to be expected to know all of this stuff yourself. They're going to lead you through the process. Well, they do. Most of these apps are taking a lot of data. It's often terabytes of data. And distilling it down into a few simple steps for you to do each day. Even if you're doing everything right, you're eating the right way. There's still times that these measurements are going to tell you, hey, you're actually, you're missing out on this. And so now we're getting into this conversation about like, perhaps supplementation as well. Yeah, that's a key component. It's particularly important for people who are on specialized diets. Say, if you're a vegan or a vegetarian, you're going to be lacking in vitamin B12. Probably you may have low NAD levels because you're getting older. You measure those. And then you'll have recommendations to supplement and bring those levels back to an optimal level. They'll probably recommend go get that brand or go get that. Right now it's very difficult. You don't know what brands to choose. I'm working on a way to solve that as well. But ultimately, I think what's going to happen is, you know, homes we're going to have a machine that can give us a polypill with the minerals, the vitamins, maybe even the medicines that we need right on the spot. Feels like a little compounding farm to see, right on your kitchen counter. This isn't crazy stuff. Daniel Kraft and MD, a good friend of mine from Stanford University, has a company that's built a machine that's not yet available that does mix those minerals, vitamins and even medicines right there and you're kidding countertop every morning. - And the thing about this is that what we're talking about then are pills that are created specifically for a specific person, as opposed to what we get right now when we go to the store, which is a capsule that is the size that some average person needs, whatever that means. - Right, it's not even male and female half the time, but even if it is, it's all men take this woman take that, not even asking how much volume or how much does that person weigh, we can be some people three times heavier than others. - Right, on the side of the like the Tylenol bottle, it says like adults and children. Like there's nothing else to consider, right? - Right, but these pills that are made in the home, they're gonna be made specially for you, for that day, for that time of day, and for what you've been eating. - And for your genome too. - Exactly. - Right, because people have different DNA process and metabolize different chemicals in different ways, once that's worked into this, we can really, really start to pinpoint what people actually need, as opposed to what most people need most of the time. - Right, and actually medicine, as it's currently called, is based on an average person. And so those ranges that doctors look at to say, oh, you're sick or you're not, are based on an average human, and doesn't take into account your, often your history, your genetics, what you've been eating, how biologically old you are. And these things should be brought into, brought to bear as well. And eventually doctors will have this information, and all be assisted by AI. But right now we're in that transition zone. And interestingly, the AI is being used by customers, not by doctors so much. - These tracking devices and the measurements that they give us are also going to help us understand how to exercise more effectively in a way that will help us not just bring down these individual letterfuls, but also presumably bring down our biological age over time. - Already we can do that. The ring that I'm wearing, the wristband, this patch, they're measuring my heart rate constantly. They're looking at heart rate variability, which you want to be high. They're also looking at resting heart rate, which you want to be low in general. There are certain ways to improve that. There's running, there's weights, there's yoga, even meditation. The apps will soon be so sophisticated, they'll say, okay, today you should go on this run here, I'll send you on a map. This'll be nice, it's good weather. Versus, oh, maybe today you need a rest, you've got a bit of cortisol, you ran yesterday, do some weights today. And that is going to be optimized in addition with the supplements, you're going to say, okay, don't take this supplement today because I'm going to tell you to go lift weights. - I imagine this world where like Siri becomes your personal trainer. - Pretty much, you're going to have a guardian angel for health. And when that happens, you're going to look at the days when we went for an annual physical, as though those days are medieval. There's not going to be a one size fits all solution for everybody when it comes to exercise, just like diet and supplementation, right? Everybody's going to be different. - Well, clearly, and I say this all the time, when I give talks, people ask me, well, what should I do? Tell me what you do, David, and I'll do that. Well, that's not what people should do because everybody's different, genetically, physically, even mentally, what I can do, skip meals, some people cannot do. So even though, as I often say, page 304, I listed what I do in the book, that's not the perfect prescription for everybody, of course, because everyone's different. So you've got to measure yourself like I do and see what works for you and what doesn't. - Before we get off the subject of exercise, I wanted to talk a little bit about this idea of exercise mimetics, right? Now we know, particularly in animal studies, the mice near lab, are getting an exercise benefit out of consumption of NMN. But NMN is a pretty rudimentary molecule. It's not a designer. It's pretty simple. There are new drugs coming down the line as we're talking about the future. Is there a point in time in which these supplements, these drugs are going to allow us to be our slavently cells without consequence? - Well, we're not there yet. And in fact, what the data says from my lab is that when you give NMN and you exercise, you get the best benefit. So it's not an excuse to sit around and just pop a pill. But there is a need for better medicines. The reason that I'm developing at one of my companies, a better NMN version is that the elderly and people who just came in with a heart attack or have kidney failure, they cannot be on a fasting regimen easily or asked to go for a run. So you do need to be able to deliver these with a pill or with IV. But for those of us who are still fit, the best bang for the buck is at least with today's technology is to eat right, move right, and supplement in a way that you can see by monitoring what's optimizing your body for longevity. - Ultimately, one of the places that you think we may wind up is a world in which we can reset the clock through a course of treatments. And you've done experiments about this in your lab. You've had quite a bit of success with mice and doing this. And this is what the Fahey trials are, seem to be showing in Southern California. Let's dive into that because this is not immediate, but it is likely down the road somewhere in the fairly near future. - Well, so Greg Fahey, the professor out in California who's doing this with patients and published with Steve Horva, they're seeing a couple of years retreat in age in 12 months of treatment with a combination of three factors that we discussed in an earlier episode. But this is just the beginning. This is the early days of flight. We're just learning how this works. But very rapidly over the next few years, we're gonna learn what else can reverse the age of the body. Certainly the blood clock, which is what's being used right now. And there were reports of people going back 10, even 20 years with certain treatments. So this is a golden age for aging research. I didn't realize when I started out in my career, I didn't expect to be talking about age reversal. I thought, oh yeah, we'll slow down aging and that'll be the best if we're lucky. We're in a world that for me is science fiction already. We're way beyond my expectations, which is super exciting. - The other thing that you're working on, and a lot of people are really excited about is this idea of an epigenetic reset of biological age. This is stuff that you're doing in your lab right now. Let's talk about taking mice and reversing their biological age. - Right, so we're talking about a gene therapy. We discovered that there are, found that there are three genes that are normally turned on in embryos that keep them young, that we could turn on again in the adult animal and in human cells. So it works in both both species. But in the mice, we could manipulate them to see what happens when you rejuvenate that tissues using these three genes. - And the genes are? - Well, they're called Oc4, Sox2 and Kale4. These are what are called transcription factors, proteins that bind to DNA and turn on genealogy programs. - And they're part of the series of genes that people call the Yamannaka factors. - Yes, so Yamannaka, Shinya Yamannaka from Japan won the Nobel Prize in 2016 for the discovery of five genes, three of which I've just mentioned. There are two others that were able to take cells and adult cell back to a pluripotent stem cell stage, very like basically age zero. And then you could, we do use these cells to build other tissues. They can be turned into nerve cells and muscle, but you don't wanna do that in the body. You'll become the world's largest tumor. So we found that a combination of three of these genes and leaving out the other two dangerous ones was a perfect way to reset the age of the body without causing cancer. And it worked better than we could even predicted. We put these genes using a virus into the eye, for example, we could do the whole body as well, but let's focus on the eye. - You did it into the eye of a mouse. - It's a mouse. - Yeah. - We hope in a couple of years we'll be testing our first human. And we're right now, we've done mice we're now doing non-human primates. So we're getting closer, but in the mice it was just a stunning result, which is a mouse that's had its object nerve damage or a mouse that has glaucoma, which is pressure in the eye, it causes blindness, if it's millions of people around the world, or just old age, these mice were essentially blind. We then put the virus in with these three genes, we would turn on these three genes, OAS and K for short. And four weeks later those cells, the retinal cells, the nerve cells that go to the brain, went back in time, they became young again, reset their age according to the whole bath clock. Their gene expression patterns, which means the genes that were dysregulated, went back to being regulated perfectly for a nerve cell. And the mice got their vision back. We actually cured blindness in those mice, which was a stunning result. We also showed that the systems that reset the clock, there are enzymes that control DNA methylation called tets. Without those, we didn't get vision restoration and the clock didn't go back. So what that tells us is that the clock going backwards is doable, there is a reset switch in the body and that the clock is part of that system. - And this is all sounds, I know, to people who haven't heard about it at first, it sounds sort of futuristic and crazy. This was the cover story on the journal nature. - Yeah, December 2020, we were fortunate enough to get the cover issue. It's a dream for any scientist. And the title they had on the cover was "Turning Back Time" and a picture of an eyeball with a clock hand going. Yeah, that was one of the highlights of my career. And what's happened since, there's been a whirlwind of interest in this from scientists around the world, investors, there's more than 20 billion with a B, 20 billion dollars being raised to look at this actual phenomenon of aging reset. And a lot of scientists are turning their attention towards understanding how this works and even mimicking this gene. therapy with little molecules, perhaps plant molecules or drugs that are on the market already. So that one day, hopefully in the next five to 10 years, we could take a pill or rub a cream on our skin, not just a slow aging, but to truly reset the age of the body. Between then and now, there's obviously a lot of work to do. We've seen this effect in the eyes of mice. You're working on other systems within a mouse as well. Well, we are, and in humans, I should say. We're trying to go as quickly as we can. We've found that the reset works in other parts of the eye. We can restore vision in mice that have what's called retinal degeneration, a macular degeneration. We also have skin reversal for humans and mice. And we've built little mini-brains. We grow these little organoids out of human skin. We give them Alzheimer's disease. These little brains get dementia. And we can reset the age of those mini-brains and they get their electrical activity back. So this is the beginnings of work that I hope will mean that we can reverse the age of the brain and other tissues and diseases of old age. Like Alzheimer's, heart disease, even cancer will go away. What this would look like in practice, presumably at some time in the future, would be a course of treatment, right? Like you have experienced some degree of aging. You decide, hey, it's time for me to take care of this. You go in, you have this gene therapy. And then these genes are basically turned on inside of your body to do their work. That's right. We built the system in the virus so we could turn it on with an antibiotic, doxycycline. And the patients that we treat, if we treat them, will take a course of antibiotics to turn on the reprogramming. So we can turn it on for, say, four to eight weeks. We can measure their vision. When they get their vision back again, they stop the antibiotics. Then they age out again, maybe another decade. And then all they get in the mail is another course of antibiotics to restore their vision again. A lot of people are going to be really concerned by this idea of like the gene therapy, but there are, as you noted, some other avenues that we might get a very similar result. Greg Fahey's work is aimed at this same idea of an epigeneglyry programming without genetic therapy. He's doing this through some pretty simple chemicals. Yeah. In California, and he used three treatments. It's called the trim type trial. And it included metformin, growth hormone and DHEA, another hormone. And so growth hormone will rebuild tissues. And that gives a response in the body that the times are good, but he also counteracted that with adversity and memetics, the metformin and the DHEA prevented glucose spikes and type two diabetes. And what he showed after a year of this treatment was that the epigenetic clock measured by Hauvath. Remember, this is the DNA methylation patterns. Reset in a way that was calculated to take their blood biomarkers back, the blood clock back two and a half years on average. Now, that doesn't seem like a lot. That was after one year of treatment. One year of treatment on this course of these three drugs bought two and a half years in equivalent biological age. Yeah. And at first I said two and a half years come on. That's not much. Then I realized if you do that every year or even every two years, you're immortal. And that's when things get really interesting. But we don't know is are these treatments just changing the blood clock or are they changing the whole body? So we need to measure other things, including skin clocks and blood biomarkers to really know if this is a true aging reset. There's a bunch of ways that we're trying to approach the same goal, which is this like repeatable resetting of age. As of right now we don't know how many times it's repeatable, whether you can do it once or twice or ten times or however many times you want. We don't know, but I was speaking with Greg. He's a friend of mine. He said that he's been repeating this treatment. And often when these publications come out, we sign to snow a lot more than we're telling people. And what he told me, which I'll share with all the audience today is it works multiple times. So he's now getting people to go back five. And there are some reports of people going back 10 years in their blood's biological age. What do we need to know to know whether that's safe in the long term and what do we need to know to know whether or not that can be continued in the long term. There's not some drop off at some point where it says like, just it's not going to work anymore. Yeah, we don't know. This is new territory. And I think that's a really important point is we don't know the dangers of resetting the age. We believe it is safe so far. There's been no indication of any downside. But one of the big worries is if you go back too far in age, you can stimulate cancer cells. So that's another thing to watch out for. But I'm an optimist. I'm optimistic that if the body becomes younger, it'll surveil the body and kill the cancer cells, which is one of the problems as we get older and why tumors develop is that our body's immune system doesn't kill those cancer cells. But we obviously have a lot of work to do. We're not saying go out and try gene therapy today. We could do that theoretically, but definitely don't. We don't know all the risks. And particularly with gene therapy, it can be irreversible. So this is what you're going to do. When you do it, you're committed. Right. And there can be other side effects as well from gene therapy, including immune responses to those viruses. One word about those viruses is that it still early days on gene delivery. One of the reasons we haven't immediately had success with extending the lifespan of mice is that those viruses are very hard to distribute evenly through the body, even in even humans. It's a struggle for diseases that want to be treated holistically. But there are advances. There are a number of new companies that have sprung up that allow these viruses to infect the body more evenly. And when that happens, I think we will be able to make mice that can live a decade or two. We can take a mouse that right now has a lifespan of about two years. And we can make it live a decade or two. And just playing with this idea of optimism for a moment here and sort of like setting aside all of the things that like we don't know yet. Those kinds of impacts on a human life puts us out well past the hundred year marker, well past the hundred and twenty year marker. We start getting into territory that a lot of people just have a really hard time even fathoming. But again, just playing with that for a moment here, what we're talking about in the long term as a world where people are living these incredibly longer lives, presumably hopefully healthier as well. A lot of people, the first thing that they hear when they hear that is more people on and already really crowded planet. You hear this a lot from people. Well, I do. Even when we talk about extending lifespan by five years, people wonder, what are we going to do with all these people? And the good news is if you do the calculations, first of all, most advanced countries, economically advanced, the rates of population growth are starting to decline even here in the US. Because people are having fewer children over the last few generations as these countries get richer. Yeah, richer leads to fewer offspring, wealth, health. These all lead to people making decisions that I don't need to have three, five, ten kids. And this is increasingly happening in South America and in Africa as well. And the prediction is that humanity will peak at about ten billion, maybe eleven, and start to come down again. And that's going to be when these changes actually happen to humanity that people will live longer. And there will not be an excess of people. It's not that we'll be overcrowded. That's clear from the math. The other concern people have is what about all the resources. And clearly, we need to figure out ways to preserve the planet, preserve the environment and not destroy it with our overconsumption. And one of the solutions that often people don't think about is that these changes to human biology will allow people to be much more productive and less costly to the economy. Right now we throw away 17% of our GDP in the US on health care. Well, we don't throw it away, but a lot of that is used in the last few years of life, which we can probably fix with this technology. We've calculated that if we could extend lifespan by just one year using Metformin as an example, we probably could work better than that. The value to the US economy in the long run is $86 trillion. And if you do it for ten years, it's $365 trillion. We just published this in the journal Nature Aging. That is money that can be put towards other problems, improving education, helping to combat climate change, among other things, making the world much more efficient and less wasteful. We had to use that money wisely. I mean, there was this sense at the end of the Cold War that we were going to have this peace dividend, all this money that we were spending on war. We are now going to be able to spend on all these social programs and making people's lives better. And we just threw it back into the military. There's also a possibility that we misuse this. So this is another instance where we really need to start having these conversations now and really working them into the conversations and making sure that policymakers understand the world that we're potentially entering into. For sure. But the sums are astronomical. Already we've got more money being put into reprogramming and age correction, epigenetic reprogramming than ever in any other time in medical history. This is a true historical event that we're experiencing here. It's one of the reasons we wanted to do this podcast is to bring people along as these amazing changes happen. But also the sums of money that we'll be saving are also unprecedented. $360 trillion just in the US. That's money that, even if some is wasted, there's going to be a lot to use for good purposes. But I think what we wanted to educate Congress people that when this money comes, it's used for the right purposes. And that's on the healthcare saving side of things, which tends to be the later and life side of things. There's another advantage to this too, is that if we can length in life's hands, right, the portion of a human life that we spend educating someone right now is about a quarter of their life, right? It's the first 20 years that their life give or take. And then you get, you know, two decades or two equivalent time periods where they work, right? So you get about a 40 year career. And then you get a 20 year period at the end of their life where they're sick. But if you can extend out that time in which they are being productive, all of a sudden, all of those educational costs become even better investments. And they already are. And as you and I both agree, I know education is the best investment we can make in our society. Right. And not everybody starts out life with a career that they want. They don't have the opportunity. And so with a longer life, there should be multiple opportunities to change careers and do things that you've people have always wanted to do. But to make that possible, we advocate a skill radical, a term that we coined. This would be two or three years paid time off to change careers to do something you always wanted. Everyone should have that opportunity. A course of people's lives. Yeah. As lives get longer and more productive and healthy, there should be multiple opportunities to change and do ultimately what people have always wanted to do. My father is a good example. He's now 82. He left work his main career in his late 60s, 67. And he thought he was going to die in 10 years from then. It wasn't going to be very pretty. He's now 82. He's as healthy as he ever was. He's stronger than me. He started a new career in his 70s. This is the kind of life that I want for everybody that we don't have to worry about getting cancer in our 50s and 60s or having a heart attack in our 70s. We should be able to live in our 80s and 90s and beyond in a healthy way, contributing to society, educating the community, educating our kids, our grandkids, even our great-grandkids with all the wisdom that we accumulate over our lifetimes. It's a huge waste when somebody 80, 90 or 100 dies. Well, it's such a waste that you've suggested. We've argued about this before. You've suggested that people don't just have a right to live that long. They really have a responsibility and an obligation to live that long. They do. And healthy. Well, it's important. Most people who are over the age of 40 or 50 have taken care of a grandparent or a parent who's gotten sick. It's a huge burden on everybody. It's not just bad for the person who's dying. It's bad for the family. It's costly, time consuming, and emotionally draining to say the least. What we're talking about is take responsibility for yourself, but also do it for your kids and your grandkids say, because if you live a long time and are not a burden on your family and you live a long time, you'll probably die much quicker. That's the statistic. Your kids will thank you for it. I think we have a right and an obligation to do that. Most people, I think, when you present to them the opportunity to live longer and healthier, they say, "Oh, yeah, I would like that future." Right now, the things that we have talked about that make that kind of a future easier, reprogramming, really, really effective drugs and supplements. They're getting there, but they're not there, which means if somebody wants to partake in this future and they're of any age right now, they actually have to put in the work. It's not just going to be handed to them in the next few years. No, it's not just simple. It's take two pills and call me in the morning kind of stuff. Call me in the next decade. It is hard work. You don't get anything for free. You can't just yet pop a pill and go back 20, 30 years, though maybe in the future we will. But for now, the best recipe for long life, greater health and ensure that you make it past 80, 90, maybe even into your hundreds is to do the right things. There's eat the right way, eat the right of kind of diets. Don't eat as often, have some period of fasting. Get some type of exercise, and better do multiple different types of exercise. Stress your body out a little bit. Give it some hormisus. These are adversity, mimetic, so a bit of cold, a bit of heat, those kind of things. The other thing we talked about is some supplements and these new technologies we've talked about today, the monitoring and other things that will actually allow us to live longer. You might say, "Well, do I care about living longer?" Well, absolutely, you should. Why? Because the longer you live, the longer you will live. Right now, if we live an extra year, we get another three months of life because these technologies are going so fast. And soon, we'll have another six months of life every year we live. And eventually, another year for every year we live. And that's when things get super interesting. David, in this series so far, we've covered a lot. I know a lot of it was dense. Some of it, we've probably moved too fast for people on. Some of it, we didn't move fast enough on. Some of it, people might want to review again if they do want that. The good news is, the show notes are going to be available. They're going to be timestamps so you can go right to the topics that you want to learn more about. Those are things to our really amazing team of researchers. Yeah, we've been really lucky. We've got a great team here that we want to thank you and I. One is the researchers. So a lot of the facts here that have come out of the scientific literature were brought to us by Sarah Ryan and Adeeve Johnson. They've been awesome. Thanks guys. Also want to thank our producer. We got Rob Moore and his assistant producer Jack Jamison. Yeah. If there's anything that people want us to dive deeper on in the future, presuming a future of another season of this, they can, they can leave notes wherever they're watching their podcast. Yeah, hopefully that we'll have a great reception. People can leave five stars on Apple podcasts and tell us if they like. You know, just as a suggestion five stars. Yeah, that would be fine. But seriously, we're paying attention whether we should do another series or not. We'll decide based on the reaction. Hopefully people love what we do. They want to deeper dive. They want to know more about fertility, even sexual performance we could jump into. You really want to do that episode. We can do it. I'm like, I'm excited about that episode too. I think there's a lot to be said. There is a ton to be said about aging and sex. There's a ton to be said about aging and society. There's so many more topics that we can hit. And there are a lot that we haven't thought of. I'm sure. And our viewers can tell us what they want to hear about. So we'll pay attention to the suggestions. And if there are enough people interested in a topic, we'll dive into the scientific literature that's that's inaccessible to most people and bring those in a, in a factual way and hopefully in a way that is digestible and easy to understand, but also entertaining. Most importantly, what we want to do here and hopefully we've done this in the last eight episodes here is to give people an idea of what's possible that their longevity, long term longevity and their daily wellness and performance is truly in their own hands, even with today's knowledge and technology. And just around the corner, we're going to have things that we can barely dream of. And wherever we go next, now people who've listened this, hopefully have a really baseline understanding of the fundamental nature of where the research is, where it's coming from, where aging comes from and what we can do about it, which means that whatever we cover in the future, we can start from that place and build from there. Exactly. We can do some deep dives into various topics. It can be about blood glucose and monitoring. It could be about fertility and women. We've got lots to cover if we do another set of eight episodes, which we hope we'll do. And depending on the feedback from people, if it's really positive, we hope that it will be, we'll do another eight, I think. You want to come back and do one. Yeah, I do. Although I think there's some debate about where the location is going to be. We're filming embossed in right now. And you want to go to your place, probably. I think I think a combinatorial podcast series recording slash ski vacation sounds really good. Yeah, Mr. Park City, Utah. Okay. Sounds good to me. We'll have to ask our boy wonder Rob, the producer, but I would love to do that. Thanks so much for joining us in this first season of the lifespan podcast. Again, please let us know your thoughts and questions in the comments section on YouTube and on social media. And let us know if we should do a season two. If you'd like to support us, please share this episode and others with those you think might benefit from the information to stay informed of future episodes. Subscribe on YouTube, Apple podcasts and Spotify. And on Apple, you have the opportunity to leave up to a five star review. Also please check out the sponsors that we mentioned at the start of the episode. That's probably the best way to support the show. We also have a Patreon account. It's at patreon.com/DavidSinclair. There you can support us at any level you like. Thanks again for joining us. It's been a lot of fun. And our hope is through this series we've shown that aging is not just something to focus on late in life, but something you should focus on daily to feel better each day and be healthier for longer. Maybe we'll see you next time.