Best Of: Colin Kaepernick / Danielle Brooks

From WHYY in Philadelphia, this is Fresh Air Weekend. I'm Tanya Mosley in Los Angeles. Today, former NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick. He took a knee during the national anthem to protest police violence and never played in the NFL again. A decade later, he says the point of that protest is still being missed. We want to stop police killing black people. And the NFL had an issue with that being said. I want people to just take a moment and think about that. Why would that be an issue for anybody to say we want police to stop killing black people? Also, actor Danielle Brooks. She first became known as Tasty on Orange is the New Black. While shooting the series, she also auditioned for the Broadway revival of The Color Purple. She knew she had to be ready. I remember like they had a table with the director and producers. And I went straight up to that table and I tapped that table. And I was like, oh, my life I've had to fight. And I just remember them being like, whoa. That's coming up on Fresh Air Weekend. This is Fresh Air Weekend. I'm Tanya Mosley. Ten years ago, quarterback Colin Kaepernick took a knee during the national anthem before San Francisco 49ers game, protesting police brutality against black people. He said he wouldn't stand to show off. He said he wouldn't stand to show pride and a flag for a country that oppressed black people and people of color. Within days, he was the most talked about athlete in America. And after that season, he never played another NFL game. Kaepernick later filed a grievance accusing NFL owners of colluding to keep him out of the league and later reached a settlement. He went on to found the Know Your Rights camp and a publishing company and co-created a Netflix series with Ava DuVernay about his childhood. He became a father. And through all of it, he kept training for another shot at the NFL, a shot that still has not come. Over the last decade, Kaepernick has given very few interviews. Well, now he's written a new memoir called The Perilous Fight. And it begins not with a protest against the anthem, but with Kaepernick as a black child, adopted by white parents and growing up in a predominantly white town, learning about race in ways that would shape the rest of his life. Colin Kaepernick, welcome to Fresh Air. Oh, Tanya, thanks for having me on. Very excited for the conversation today. Well, Colin, I'd like to actually start where you begin in the book. You are eight years old. You are walking home from playing with friends. You are drunk on the freedom of being a kid in the summer. And you spot this group of middle schoolers inside of someone's open garage, and you decide to walk over. And can I have you pick up and read from there? Yeah. I stopped short, and the three boys stared back at me. They were all white, like almost everybody in Turlock. The boys exchanged words with each other. Then two of them sprinted towards me. The other one went off deeper into the garage. My heart jumped as they grabbed me around my arms. Hey! What are y'all doing? They pulled me toward a large rose tree that stood next to the house. The third boy reappeared from the garage with a rope in his hands. With my back pressed against the tree, they started wrapping the rope around me. It was happening so fast, I didn't understand. All three were laughing hysterically. I began to panic, and then cry. The threads of the rope, coarse and itchy, bit into my arms. Why are they doing this? Stop! I cried out, hot tears streaming down my face. What are you doing? I thought these kids were my friends. Why are they trying to tie me to a tree? Please stop! I shouted, the tears now clouding my vision. I felt thorns pressing into my back through the t-shirt I was wearing. Go back to Nigeria, _______, one of them spit out. The other two giggled in response. Just then, one of our neighbors drove by, a white man who lived on the corner. Hey, what are you kids doing? he said, slowing down in the middle of the street with a curious look on his face. My captors took off running, laughing the whole time. Thank you for reading that, Colin. You know, the start of a book often tells us a lot about the greater story that we're about to read, and kids, for better or for worse, don't often tell their parents everything they experience. And for you, a black boy adopted by white parents, you seemed to instinctively know this was something you could not tell them. What made you unsure that they wouldn't have your back? I think the experiences that I had up to that point in my life. At a young age, I knew how teachers were engaging with me and the response there. I saw how the community would engage with me. I saw how people would treat me when I'm by myself versus when my parents were there. And I also knew that our house wasn't one that talked about race or talked about issues or problems more broadly. again, instinctively as a black boy, I didn't think they would believe me. I didn't think they would have my back in that moment because I hadn't seen that show up in that way. And I think it's one of the things that I knew I had to get myself together before walking in that house. I went and got cleaned up, came downstairs and went about the day like nothing had happened. But it was a moment that also shaped and defined me. You write about your parents that you understood they loved you. That was not a question, but that there was only so much blackness that they could stand. What did that look like in your house? It showed up in relation to how I dress. The music I listened to, my hairstyles, who I looked up to and admired. Just culturally, there was a pretty consistent tension and clash there, just as far as who I was being a young black boy and what they thought was best being, you know, two white parents coming from Wisconsin. And my parents very much took the approach of, hey, we're going to treat all of our kids the same or treat all of them equally. And I think the intention behind that is right. But the reality is how I have to navigate the world as a young black boy and how they need to think about how they show up for a young black boy is drastically different than what my brother and sister would need as far as support. Mm-hmm. You know, one of the striking things that you write about in the book are your experience with black people in this mostly white town. What were your experiences with the small number of black people that you would encounter? Yeah. Well, I would say the part that I was navigating is culturally, how do you show up as a young black boy within a community that largely doesn't have black folks in it? And where do you get guidance? Where do you get mentorship from? And I saw that from other black folks in the community in different ways. You know, some of my teammates, their mothers being ones that are looking out for me and giving me guidance and support while we're playing sports. It showed up as friends and teammates giving me guidance in relation to navigating hair and some of the politics around that. But also more broadly, as I'm getting older, understanding how to navigate police, understanding how to navigate situations where you may be targeted, understand how racism shows up within a community. Those are things that I had to learn outside of my household. You were naturally an athlete from a very young age, an optimum athlete. And it sounds like sports kind of began to become your escape. Is that a good characterization? It did become an escape in many ways. It's not to say that those issues don't still arise there. But one of the things that I always appreciated about sports is it became much more difficult for people to approach things from a subjective lens. Sports is very, you won or you lost, you did your job or you didn't. And I think that's one of the things that I always appreciated about sports. You scored a touchdown or you didn't. You completed the pass or you didn't. And having that level of Definitive clarity that people can't manipulate to say, oh, you aren't good or you aren't capable. It becomes much more difficult when things are so objective. And I will say particularly with football, culturally, there were more black people within football. So I got to have more of that sense of community around it. Okay, Colin, it is August 2016. You're with the 49ers, a preseason game at home against Houston. And you're not even playing because you have gone through some surgeries. You're in a sweatsuit on the sideline and the anthem starts. Take me to that moment. What was happening in the world and what was happening in you? Yeah, August 2016. I had at this point. I played in the Super Bowl, had played in the NFC championship game, back-to-back years. I've gone through this process of educating myself on black history, on systems, on the politics of black culture. And that had been going on for years. And then alongside that, we also are in the wave of seeing. Very viral and very visceral instances of police killing black folks. We had seen this with Mike Brown, Tamir Rice, Eric Garner. But leading into the 2016 season, we see Mario Woods in San Francisco. We see Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge. We see Philando Castile in Minnesota. And having all of that history, all of that context. To be able to put those moments into a systematic issue led to the moment of when the Star Spangled Banner played. I didn't stand up for it because I didn't believe in the propaganda that the U.S. ultimately is putting out. The treatment of black people and the systems that have been built to continue to oppress black people and people of color more broadly. That's not something I was okay with. And I wasn't going to show pride in those systems that are continuing to kill us, continuing to target us and hold us back and discriminate against us. And to your point, at that point, I wasn't playing. I was coming off of injuries. But that ultimately led into the moments that followed that became the much broader conversation of the protest. That I think most people are familiar with. My guest today is Colin Kaepernick. We're talking about his new memoir, The Perilous Fight. We'll continue our conversation after a short break. I'm Tanya Mosley, and this is Fresh Air Weekend. I'm Tanya Mosley. Let's get back to my interview with Colin Kaepernick. Ten years ago, as a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, he took a knee during the national anthem to protest police killings of black people. He was out of the league by the next season and later filed a collusion case against the NFL, which he settled. He is the founder of the Know Your Rights Camp and started a publishing company and an AI literacy company. In 2021, he made a Netflix series with Ava DuVernay about his childhood called Colin in Black and White. His new memoir is called The Perilous Fight. In your efforts to get back into the NFL, a lot of it seems to be from an outsider. One of the stipulations for you actually coming into the fold again is not necessarily your silence, but maybe your silence about these things, to just play. We did see teams, and the Seattle Seahawks were one that came out and said this more explicitly. Are you going to take a knee before they brought me in for a workout? And more specifically, they asked, will I stop taking a knee? And when I wouldn't commit to that, they canceled the workout, and it didn't happen. So there was a goal of trying to incentivize my silence or use that as a way to be able to get me to accept an agreement for my silence. But that wasn't something I was willing to go along with. I think I can be phenomenal at my job and help a team win and also speak out to try to create a better society and better environment. Now, I also want to say the response from the NFL and the positioning of a lot of the NFL players, I think that's a big part of the reason why I'm here today. I'm gonna get mine and I'm gonna take it as far as I can and I understand that I also think there's a broader perspective at play that you should be able to do that and still fight for the benefit of your community and I think the the broader perspective is if this becomes a collective movement and a collective action there actually isn't a whole lot that they can do outside of being supportive in particular with the NFL being 70 plus black and if players didn't step on the field if players collectively boycotted there is no NFL their bottom line the financial structure collapses and that is a extreme source of power for players that I think largely has been undone untapped and unutilized yeah I mean one player told you I I want to protest but I need to ask my owner and what came to mind when you heard that that phrasing in particular it it was mind-blowing um candidly I I did not think in my lifetime I would hear a black man say I need to ask my owner for permission um I I think it speaks to the the the mentality that the NFL tries to breed though which is be obedient and we'll give you opportunity do as we say and you'll be rewarded for it if not we'll try to take away what you have built your lifetime towards earning and again I I understand players trying to to navigate this and say you know I I'm supportive of it um in theory but in practice I'm afraid to lose what I have and I think the dynamic of players being afraid to lose what they have that is an environment that the NFL has created um Colin Kaepernick thank you so much for this conversation oh thank you so much this has truly been a pleasure Colin Kaepernick's memoir is called The Perilous Fight Terry has our next interview when Danielle Brooks started appearing in the Netflix series Orange is the New Black as the character Tasty she was astonished to find she was recognized wherever she went Orange was about women in prison and Brooks played one of those women when the series premiered in 2013 Brooks was a recent graduate of Juilliard and Netflix was relatively new to producing original content two years later while still filming Orange she learned she'd gotten a role in the Broadway revival of The Color Purple as Sophia the character that Oprah Winfrey played in the 1985 film rather than giving up one of those roles she continued to shoot Orange while also performing on Broadway The Color Purple had special significance for Danielle Brooks the original production of the musical was the first Broadway show she'd ever seen it convinced her she wanted to act and that there might be a place for a black woman like her she was nominated for a Tony for her performance in the revival and was nominated for an Oscar when she played Sophia again in the 2023 movie adaptation of the Broadway musical while preparing for this interview I learned she played the beloved gospel singer and singer and she was nominated for an Oscar for the role of the lead singer Mahalia Jackson in a 2021 biopic for the Lifetime channel that's now streaming on several platforms she gets to do a lot of singing in that and as you'll hear later it really shows off how emotionally and physically powerful her voice is Brooks started singing and acting in church her mother is a minister her father is a recently retired deacon Brooks was also recently in a Minecraft movie and in the series Peacemaker now she's in a new indie film called If I Go Will They Miss Me it's about how one family's life is changed when the husband and father is released from prison and returns home emotionally distant from his wife and two children Brooks plays the wife and mother who has a steady job and is holding the family together with no help from her husband Brooks and John Batiste are two of the executive producers the credit music is John Batiste singing This Bitter Earth Daniel Brooks welcome to Fresh Air it's such a pleasure to be able to talk with you oh Terry it is so lovely to speak with you too thank you for having me my pleasure so you know in Orange is the New Black you play a prisoner and and now in this new movie you're playing the wife of somebody who's been in and out of prison yeah and I'm one oh and in Clemency the father of your child is on death row so this is like the third that I'm aware of the third movie related to prison that you've been in and I wonder if you see that as related to mass incarceration like a reflection of mass incarceration when you put it like that I'm like man I need to do play a I don't know a royal queen or something well you come close and my hell yeah hey I love that yeah for sure um I mean yeah this is the world we live in you know and for me I'm always um searching reaching for honesty and truthfulness in what is in this world you know I feel like I've been able to do a lot in my career but yet we we do find ourselves back um in places like this you know we when you mention like playing um a woman that's incarcerated um when it comes to Orange is the New Black and playing Tasty this inmate there was just so much complexity to who she was you know and and to be honest Terry I didn't want to play Tasty in the beginning um why not you know because she was an inmate and because I was nervous coming out of Juilliard 21 years old like oh my gosh I'm about to play an inmate and what is that you know so I'm saying about black women you know what viewpoint am I putting out about black women but then I remember my audition and the casting director saying you know I know what's on the page but she's very light-hearted she has a lot of heart to who she is um joy to who she is and I was so excited because I was like that's the direction I was already planning on going with her and you see me singing um you know in in the shower you know in the beginning that's the first scene is me singing uh tell me something good and um it's just that's what drew me to her it was more to her she was a young woman who actually did not commit the crime she was in foster care you know she started a riot you know um there was just a lot to the person you know and I find that to be true um with clemency uh and and if I go will they miss me especially so um John Batiste is one of the executive producers of the film and he sings the credit music the spit of earth which Dinah Washington had a popular recording of and wondering I know he went to Juilliard did you know each other in Juilliard we did and you've recorded together also yes we did John Batiste and I were at Juilliard at the same time and we also graduated the same year I remember watching him in the halls uh and he was a hoot I mean this man would be running around with that small miniature piano that he plays in his hand blowing it you know it's as like if he was on a line in New Orleans you know with his friends behind him jamming in the cafeteria and like who the heck is this man you know he was just so such an like artiste you know what I mean like artsy fartsy kid from New Orleans did you introduce yourself to him I think we just knew each other because we were black kids at Juilliard it's not but so many of us you know what I mean and so I actually remember we would do these like crossovers so it's where like the drama division would hang out with um the musicians so he was in the theater and he was in the theater and he was in the jazz department and we would jam and I remember like John would play something and they asked one of the actors to sing with him and I remember that was the thing so it was like a call and repeat type thing where he would play like a doodle do-do-do-do-do and I would repeat it with my voice you know um so I just feel like we bonded from that and then you know we had like the Martin all the black people would get together and others too and put on a show in in in reverence of MLK like so we just found each other you know what I mean we built that community and then from there on like I did an EP of my own music called For and I asked John once we graduated if he would be on that and he did and then he asked me to do a Christmas song with him for Spotify and I did and and then we did Color Purple together you know like it was just so it's just so many like full circle beautiful moments that we've been able to share. We're listening to Terry Gross's interview with Danielle Brooks. She co-stars in the new film If I Go Will They Miss Me. Brooks first became known as Tasty on Orange is the New Black. We'll hear more of Terry's conversation with Danielle Brooks after a break. I'm Tanya Mosley and this is Fresh Air Weekend. I'm Tanya Mosley. Let's get back to Terry's interview with Danielle Brooks. She stars in the new film If I Go Will They Miss Me. She later played Sophia in the Broadway revival of The Color Purple and reprised the role in the 2023 film adaptation. She's also portrayed gospel legend Mahalia Jackson in a Lifetime biopic. So I want to talk about your singing. I want to play Hell No from the movie version of The Color Purple but first what was your audition for the Broadway revival? Oh my gosh Terry. So I mean it's it's layered okay because I had seen The Color Purple on Broadway at 15. My dad had taken me and you know I go to Juilliard. That was a big deal because you were from Greensville, South Carolina. Oh yes. And so you were doing an internship in New York and you got to see The Color Purple. Yes. Your first Broadway show. Yes took me to the Broadway show Color Purple because to be honest at the time and that's all another conversation but that was the only black show outside or considered the only black show outside of The Lion King which is actually about animals played by black actors that was on Broadway at the time. And so yeah my dad took me. I was in awe. My jaw was on the floor. Tears falling down my face. I was like this is what I want to do. So what was your audition song? Oh hell no. Oh wow that's. I auditioned with hell no. Okay. And I remember like. Was that your choice or their choice? No that's their choice. They want to make sure that that's what we were singing. Yeah for sure. But I remember like they had a table with the director and producers and I went straight up to that table and I tapped that table and I was like all my life I've had to fight. And I just remember them being like whoa. And I could feel them being like yeah this is our Sophia because of course Sophia would have enough kahunas to come up to the table and get right in our face. That's great. So let's hear the real thing. So this is Sophia basically saying to Celie if a man raises his hand to you hell no. Fight back. Don't take it. All my life I've had to fight. I had to fight. My daddy had to fight. My brothers. My cousins. My uncles too. But I never never never never never never thought I'd have to fight in my own house. I feel sorry for you to tell you the truth. You remind me of my mama under your husband's thumb. Now you under your husband's foot. What he say go away. Oh man I love that. You sound so good in that. One of the hardest things in a musical I think is to get from the dialogue into the song. And I'm wondering. What that was like for you. Like what. How you do. How you try to make that transition. From dialogue to song. Well I think you know we're taught when it's time to sing it's the most heightened moment of the section. You know whatever part. Right. It's too big to express just through spoken word. Exactly. And so I think that just helps you know you as an actress. To know the movement of the piece. You know and that was exciting to to get to do that. And so because I'm I'm not a theater girl like people a musical theater girl like people think Terry. You know that was I had done only one other musical before that and that was Rent. You know and I didn't grow up. Where were you in Rent? I was the soloist. The main soloist in Seasons of Love who hits the high note. Oh was this on Broadway? No this was in Ithaca New York at a theater a regional theater. Yeah. And I didn't grow up you know listening to all the musical theater songs. I was a church girl. Yeah but you sang in church right? Yes I sang in church from four three four years old. I was singing in church and wasn't much of a soloist. I have to say I I was definitely a part of the choir and there's video of me singing in church when I did have solos and you can see I'm so shy. Like I literally had the lyric like the words you know written on a piece of paper and I'm looking at them because I'm so scared that I'm gonna forget them. Super shy back then. How did you get from super shy to singing a song like Hell No? God. Truly. Like I feel like you know what this is what I'll say for me when I am playing a character I get to escape and that is my favorite place to be because I get to not be Danielle. When someone would ask me to sing as Danielle it would terrify me but ask me to sing as Sophia ask me to sing as Mahalia I got you because it was my way of like hiding behind the character. So let's talk more about singing and church. What were some of your favorite gospel songs? Oh that is such a good question. Oh man there was this song it goes I have some good days I've had some hills to climb I've had some weary days and some sleepless nights but when I look around and I think things over all of my good days outweigh my bad days and I won't I won't complain that was one of my favorite songs. What? Well when I was six that was or six or seven I don't remember it was my first church solo now what does a six seven year old know about complaining in good days and bad days I don't know but that was my song and then when I became an adult I understood what that song meant. Did you hear a lot of Mahalia Jackson when you were growing up? I did. I did um yeah she definitely was in our home for sure my mother's a singer as well so. Oh okay so when you got the part as Mahalia Jackson in a movie that's officially called Robin Roberts Presents Mahalia um and so what your parents must have been so excited because your mother is a minister and your father was a deacon. Yes the church was so excited and you know the movie. Actually dropped during the pandemic and so 2021 yeah so what we did was we did a private screening for the church that I grew up in in Simpsonville South Carolina Bethlehem Baptist Church and everybody stayed in their cars and we got a huge projector out in the parking lot and everyone listened from a radio station and watched it like old school you know movies they watched it in their cars. Um and that was so cool you know like this place that I I really do think helped me to love the theater believe it or not like the church is where I think my love for theater came um to be able to share something with them that I knew was going to be meaningful. So I want to play you as Mahalia Jackson from the soundtrack of the movie and what I want to play is My God is Real. Oh wow. You sound great on this so so let's hear it this is my guest Danielle Brooks. Oh, there are some things I may not know. There are some places, dear Lord, I cannot go. But I am sure of this one thing. That God is real. For I can feel him in my soul. So that is a beautiful song and you sing it so well. What did you have to do with your singing to sound like you were Mahalia Jackson for the movie? Terry. We worked on music for probably two weeks, I think. Because I did sing. All of that. And the hardest part was getting rid of the things that I was taught at Juilliard, to be honest. Which is one of the things that they taught us, you know, and gave us in our toolbox. It's like knowing when to throw, you know, the baby out with the bathwater, as one might say. You know, letting go of the technique when it's time. And that's what I had to do. So, for example, you know, when she says, You know, I was, I would be singing children and I had to stop myself. And like, why am I saying children? She would say children, you know, or just like not over articulating things. I'm going to meet Abram and Isaac. You know, normally I would be like, I'm going to meet Abram and like articulating all of the, you know, consonants and stuff. Like I had to really break it down and kind of like a Shakespearean. Like I would with Shakespeare and, you know, you have iambic pentameter and things like that. And you just have to, it's like a code. You got to create a code for yourself to understand how this woman speaks and where she speaks from and how she uses language, you know. And that's the thing, like Mahalia sings all the way down in her feet, you know. So when I would do this, I would. I would be barefoot when I was in the studio, you know, because you really do need to be that, it's that low. To be honest, she sings from another place too, but I'm trying to be respectful, you know. But that core space is where she sang from. So you grew up very churched with your mother a minister and your father a deacon. And was it? Did you grow up with the feeling that your parents had a special connection to God? Oh, for sure. I mean, my mother was a praying and still is a very prayed up woman. She would be the one at 6 a.m. You would hear her downstairs in the living room, speaking in tongues, praying, talking to God. You know, it was, yeah, she woke you up in prayer. And at the time, you know, we had you. We had two floors and she would turn up the music like you had speakers in each room, even though we was not rich, even though that sounds very rich. We had these speakers in our house and she would play gospel music on Saturdays at probably 8 in the morning to wake me and my brother up to clean the house, which sounds so old school now that I'm saying it back to you. Because nobody's really asked me questions like that. But and my dad was, too, you know, he wasn't as forth showing, if that's the right word to say, or like he wasn't as showy with his relationship with God. Like he went to church all the time and obviously was a deacon. But like my mother was the one you saw like in worship all the time and still is. Did you speak in tongues? No, no. No. Not at all. Like, no, definitely did not. I would say I do feel that I have a wonderful connection to God, you know, in the spirit and still practice Christianity and go to church on Sundays with my family, you know, and I am and I listen to gospel music like no other genre because it just soothes my soul. And I feel like gospel music has always. It's been that for me, my my help mate in life. So feeling that your parents were kind of had a special relationship with God and were like God's representative or close to God. Did it make you like an awe of your parents? Did you feel like you couldn't misbehave because that would be misbehaving in front of God in a way that people's regular parents who weren't leaders of the church wouldn't feel? Yeah, for sure. There was a lot of pressure as a kid to be perfect. I think that's like probably one of those things in my adulthood. I'm still going to therapy for, you know, it's like this sense of perfection, not getting anything wrong. And, you know, the Bible says, honor thy father and mothers that your days may be long on this earth. And so that rang very true in my house. You know, we we needed to do what our parents wanted us to do. There was no way around it, you know. And if you had slip ups, you just it just the guilt that weighed on you, you know, was heavy for me. And I don't know if it stemmed from me doing pageants at church, you know, and they taught you how to hold your feet and how to stand. And I don't know. It's just this perfection that was built in me pretty early. And maybe it's being the first. Child, you know, and the responsibilities of being a good example to my brother, you know, and my say, I respectfully say this, you know, but I think my mom really cared a lot about what others thought. And I say respectfully, mom, if you hear this, but, you know, I think that had a lot to do with it is what do people see? What do they want you to do that you didn't? Oh, that's a deep question. Well, one thing, you know, was there was a fear of me going to Juilliard. My mother was really scared for me. And my dad said to me, he's like, I want you to follow your heart. And so I did. You know, I went to Juilliard and she was just scared of, like, you know, being in New York and her child leaving at 17. And then she was nervous about me doing Orange is the New Black. And then my father, again, was like, follow your heart. And I did. And that changed my life, you know. But then there was that fear of, like, what is she being exposed to? You know, there's a lot, the subject matter of lesbians and gays was all up and in between Orange is the New Black. So that was a fear, you know, of what I was being taught. Foul language. Foul language. I mean, we had. Drugs. Come on. The list goes on and on. Yeah, I can keep going, yeah. So, yeah, Mama was shooketh. But she got over it. She really started to see the beauty of the show as time went on. Danielle Brooks, it's been such a pleasure to talk with you. Thank you so much. Thank you, Terry. Thank you for having me. Danielle Brooks stars in the new movie If I Go, Will They Miss Me? She spoke with Terry Gross. Fresh Air Weekend is produced by Teresa Madden. Fresh Air's executive producer is Sam Brigger. Our technical director and engineer is Audrey Bentham. Our engineer this week is Adam Staniszewski. With Terry Gross, I'm Tanya Mosley.