APUSH National Review Unit 4

(upbeat music) Welcome back to another APUS History National Review. This time it's all about unit fours. We're getting ready for the big APUS History Exam. Unit four is all about the Democratic Republicans, how they rose into power, and what were the effects of that. So we're gonna take a little bit of a look at how the Democratic Republicans tried to build a farming republic, how they got expanded by Andrew Jackson, that led into desires for reform out into the farmlands. And of course, the real dark side of this time period is how farming and plantation labor led to slavery. So hey, let's jump into it. This is 10 minutes of history because hey, you've got a lot to do, and not much to do it in. (upbeat music) (soft music) So we're gonna start off with a Jeffersonian presidency that starts in 1800. Remember that Jefferson purchased Louisiana Purchase, and the main purpose behind that really was to expand this farming republic. Now there was one check on him at the time, and that came from the Federalist Marshall Court. Now the Marshall board had a number of big decisions, but we wanna remember Marbury versus Madison, where he basically created judicial review where the Supreme Court that allows the Supreme Court to determine if laws are constitutional or not. Outside of that, though, the Democratic Republicans really were in charge during this time period, and that led into some major regional differences that are gonna grow over time. It has to do with the North being somewhat industrial, the South, and then the Western territories. Now at that time period, there were people like Henry Clay, who advocated for what was called the American system. This is very similar to the Federalist. The idea was the Federal government would invest in things like highway systems, and there would be a national bank. So we do see Federalist ideas still around, but it is the Democratic Republicans who are in charge at this time, in fact, everybody at this time created wants to be called a Democratic Republican. Now at the same time, America was trying to create a global presence. And so one of the first Democratic Republican presidents, James Monroe established Monroe Doctrine, which was this defensive policy that said if Europeans want to come through into the Western hemisphere, they have to go through America first. (upbeat music) Okay, so like I was saying, there was an industrial sector, and that was up in the Northeast, and this is where we're gonna see the market revolution. Now don't get this mixed up. That doesn't mean that this is this full-blown industrial revolution, and it's really not. What we see is a water powered system up in the Northeast, but we do start to see examples like the low-well mills, where young women are coming from the farmlands out into the Northeast to work in these factories where they lived in dorms, or things like dorm apartments. We also saw an attempt to unite the country with new highways using the Conestoga wagon to travel back and forth, and all this attracted immigrants coming from places like Germany and Ireland. Germany had just gone through a political revolution, and their leaders had failed, so they came to America to seek freedom. The Irish were dealing with the potato famines, so they were coming over and dealing with economic issues. This growth developed a new middle class at the time period, but there were some downsides too, for example, nativeism grew at this time period. There was a fear of the Germans and the Irish coming in. And also while women saw that an improvement in their livelihoods, they also were forced into very traditional roles under the cul-de-domesticity, they were expected to be in the home, raising children so that the men could go out and compete in the market system. (gentle music) Okay, that gives rise to the Jacksonian period, and this is sort of the height to the Democratic Republicans. I always say Jackson is sort of Jefferson on steroids. He really strongly believed in states' rights, sort of. The big example of this is when Jackson vetoes the national bank, so basically the Congress had decided not to recharge the bank, but Jackson went even further and took the military and removed the gold from the bank. Can you meet the bank into this example of strong centralized government? But then again, when South Carolina decided to succeed over tariffs, Jackson threatened them, and said if you do this, I'm going to bring in the national military to put you down. Now, all of this eventually leads to a response up in the Northeast by the Wigs. And the Wigs are gonna create a two-party system, and why did this happen? Well, there was this fear that while Jackson claimed that he believed in states' rights, that he was really centralizing power under the presidency for himself, and that allowed for this new party to arise. (gentle music) (gentle music) Okay, so one of the big things that comes out of this democratic Republican time period is the era of reforms, and it starts with the great awakening. But take a look at where the great awakening takes place. It really gets started out in the frontier. So this is a sort of after effect of the expansion of a farming republic. We start to see farmers who are looking for purity, turn towards religion as an example of that. And what they argue is is that Christianity and the second great awakening can bring a purification of the world here. And there are two big ones they're gonna look at is abolitionism, beginning with slavery, and the desire to curtail the expansion of industry and material greed. Now, some other groups pull off of other types of strands as well. So you see enlightenment thought at this time period in a romantic thought. And that comes in these ideas of creating these model communities of perfection. In the end though, this is all about farmers looking for that purified life. And that leaves in the movements like the abolitionist movement and at the time like the suffrage movement where women are arguing for the first time that they should have the right to vote. And of course, that comes up with a big event at the Senate Falls Convention. (upbeat music) But of course, we can't forget the darkest side of this time period. And that is the outgrowth and continued expansion of slavery. Up until the 1820s, the idea for most people was that while slavery was necessary, slavery was an evil that had to be gotten rid of. Even people like Atomis Jefferson, George Washington who held hundreds of slaves believe this. What changed as though is in the 1830s. In the 1830s, people like John Calhoun and Jackson start to make an argument that actually slavery is a good thing, it's a positive good, that ought to be kept. And so what we see is the South creates and expands on its plantation society. And really what they are arguing for underneath all this is the need for African slaves for intensive labor. But most people could known slaves in the South. So why didn't they rebel against this? Well, because in the racial hierarchy, they had a place and that place was above African Americans. Now for African Americans themselves, they tried to maintain their own community. Even though families were separated, they created strong families within the different slave systems that they were at. And oftentimes they hid this through their own practices where they maintained their own culture. We call this passive resistance where African Americans found ways to rebel. Now there were violent revolutions, for example, the Haitian revolution, which was successful. And there were a number of revolutions within a side of the South, like that term's revolution. But those tended to be unsuccessful because African Americans were so spread out, they couldn't organize and rebel effectively. So what they did tend towards was passive resistance. Where they would find ways to maintain their own community, whether it was through their churches, the underground rail road, things like jumping the broom in order to get married without the masterknowings if he couldn't tear families apart. [MUSIC PLAYING] But of course, we can't forget the darkest side of this time period. You know, up until the 1820s, the idea for most people was that while slavery was necessary, slavery was an evil that had to be gotten rid of. Even people like Atomis Jefferson, George Washington, who held hundreds of slaves believe this. What changed is, though, is in the 1830s. In the 1830s, people like John Calhoun and Jackson start to make an argument that actually slavery is a good thing. It's a positive good that ought to be kept. But most people could know slaves in the South. Well, because in the racial hierarchy, they had a place. And that place was above African Americans. Now, for African Americans themselves, they tried to maintain their own community. And oftentimes, they hid this through their own practices where they maintained their own culture. Now, there were violent revolutions, for example, the Haitian Revolution, which was successful. But those tended to be unsuccessful because African Americans were so spread out, they couldn't organize and rebel. effectively. So what they did tend towards was passive resistance, where they would find ways to maintain their own community, whether it was through their churches, the underground railroad, things like jumping the broom in order to get married without the master knowing since he couldn't hear families apart. Okay, what are our big takeaways? So the big takeaways that we want to remember about this is number one, after Jefferson, we have an expansion of this democratic Republican vision of having a farming republic that will spread out past the Louisiana territory. And actually that we do see a market revolution. This is number two of market revolution is development of industry that attracts new immigrants and establishes the beginnings of industry in America. Jackson's time period shows the growth of modern democracy and that leads into reform movements that try to have both abolition and suffrage expansion. In the end though, the last big takeaway, we want to remember that slavery takes root in the south at this time period and is seen as a positive good by the white community while African Americans are trying to maintain their own community and their own culture. Okay, see you in the next AP US history review. Keep studying for that test.