#201 Isambard Kingdom Brunel (James Dyson's Hero)

A century is a brief span as a historian measures time. It between 1760 and 1860, a small group of men transformed the face of England and brought about an economic and social upheaval so vast that the life of no single person in this country remained unaffected by it. They set in motion a process of rapid technical evolution that still continues. One of this small group of men whose lives had such prodigious consequences in Zimbard kingdom Brunel was perhaps the outstanding personality. He has his statue in marble. Every boy's railway book refers to him. You may have seen his name engraved upon that great bridge. We may know of him as the overambitious author of the broad gauge, or of that premature giant among ships the Great Eastern. Just be only remember him by virtue of the evocative overtones of that remarkable name. A name in which all the pride and self-confidence of an era seems to ring out like a brazen challenge. What sort of man was this Brunel? That is the question which this book tries to answer. Although I've always admired Brunel's work, my inquiry was inspired by curiosity and not by hero worship. But the further I went, the clearer did it seem to me that large though the achievement was, the man was larger still. Brunel in fact was more than a great engineer. He was an artist and a visionary, a great man with a strangely magnetic personality which uniquely distinguished him even in that age of powerful individualism in which he moved. To learn something about such a man, about his private thoughts, his hopes and ambitions, and about the spirit which drove him, is to know about the sources from which the greatest of all revolutions derived its dynamic strength. That was an excerpt from the book I'm going to talk to you about today which is Ismbard Kingdom Brunel, the definitive biography of the engineer, visionary, and great Britain, was written all the way back in 1957 by LTC wrote. So before I jump back into the book, I just want to tell you where I got the idea to read a biography on Brunel. Last week I read the autobiography of James Dyson and James Dyson is extremely explicit in his autobiography. He is like, listen, Ismbard Brunel, Kingdom Brunel is my personal god. He talks about all the ideas that he learned from studying the life and career of Brunel that he applied to his own career, and that he would use the example of the persistence and doggedness and perseverance of Brunel to inspire him not to give up in his own work. So he credits Brunel with building the foundation of Dyson's multi-billion dollar empire that he has now. So I just want to reread this part again because I think it's so important. It speaks to the power of biography and learning from the great people that came before us. So this is Dyson talking about Brunel. Ismbard Kingdom Brunel was unable to think small and nothing was a barrier to him. The mere fact that something had never been done before presented to Brunel, no suggestion that the doing of it was impossible. He was fired by an inner strength and self-belief almost impossible to imagine in this feckless age. So I'm actually going to pause right there before I finish this paragraph. This biography of Brunel covers his entire career. Most of my highlights as I go back and reread them is about what Dyson picked up here. The fact that he was fired by an inner strength and self-belief almost impossible to imagine. James says it's impossible to imagine in this feckless age. Remember James is writing this book in the early 2000s. Funny, the author LTC wrote writing this book in the 50s and thinks the same exact way. There's a lot of paragraphs in the book where wrote like they just don't make people like this anymore. So let's go back to this. He was fired by an inner strength and self-belief almost impossible to imagine in this feckless age, while I could never lay claim to the genius of a man like that. I have tried to be as confident in my vision as he was. And this is the most important, I think, sentence that Dyson ever writes about Brunel. And at times in my life when I have encountered difficulty and self-doubt, I have looked to his example to fire me on. Skipping ahead a little bit and he says I have told myself when people try to make me modify my ideas that the Great Western Railway could not have worked as anything but the vision of a single man. So we're going to go into more of Brunel's obsession with having complete control of every single project, pursued with dogged determination that was nothing less than obsession. Throughout my story I will try to return to Brunel and to other designers and engineers to show how identifying with them and seeing parallels with every stage of my own life enabled me to see my career as a whole and to know that it will all turn out the way it has. Okay, so let's go back to the biography of Brunel. The book starts out with this story. This guy named Charles McFarlane who's traveling with Brunel doesn't know him. They're traveling in the winter from France to England. And so they have to go, they have to cross the channel on a small boat. They wind up being pulled in like this horse drawn carriage. And I'm going to skip that entire story. I just want to pull out one sentence because I thought this is a fantastic description of Brunel's personality. But again, most of my highlights is just going to focus not on what he accomplished, but who he was as a person. And so McFarlane's talking about it's like, who is this guy? And his impression of a young Brunel, Brunel's in his early 20s at this point in his life, he said he was one whose high spirits seemed quite impervious to cold and discomfort. So they wind up striking up conversation, they start to become friends on this little journey. And Brunel invites McFarlane. He's like, "Hey, I'm going to my dad's house. Do you want to come with me?" Brunel's father is a famous engineer at this point. His name is Marc Brunel. He is, well, he was at this point in history trying to build a tunnel under the River Tames. And it just got closed. He's going to wind up having to spend some time in debtor's prison, which James talks about in his autobiography, the fact that as bad as his circumstances and his financial circumstances were before he strikes success with his dice and vacuum, he's not in debtor's prison. This is McFarlane having a conversation with Marc Brunel. He's expressing, you know, his condolences for the fact that at this current time in history, the tunnel is shut down. They're not going to continue to the work. It's too dangerous to run out of money. A bunch of people died. And I just want to pull out Marc Brunel's positive mental attitude here. So it says Marc Brunel scarcely needed consolation of this kind, for he had suffered many disappointments in his lifetime and was ever philosophical in adversity. Courage, he was fond of saying. A man who can do something and keep a warm sanguine heart will never starve. And then we go back to another description from McFarlane of a young, isn't Marc Brunel. He's going to use the word, there's a lot of people that describe Brunel as gady, which is the state or quality of being lighthearted or cheerful, but that was his external face to the world. Inside of him burned an intense fire. He's got a fire in the belly. He wakes up every day with a burning desire to achieve mission success. And he was willing to sacrifice his entire life to this. And in the end, he had an early death due to a large part because of his working habit. So let me go into that now. McFarlane could never have guessed that the ready wit and gady concealed a fire and a power, which would drive him undeterred by repeated disappointments to achieve within a decade a degree of fame and fortune such as his father had never enjoyed. The father lived to a peaceful old age. The son sacrificed his life to his great achievements. More about his personality, the name of Isambar Brunel would not mean what it does today, if he had not displayed the same characteristics of dogged persistence. How many times in Dyson's autobiography did he use that phrase, dogged persistence? He says that over and over again, and again, I just want to remind you that great quote from Steve Jobs where he's like, listen, I'm convinced half of what separates the success entrepreneurs from the unsuccessful is pure perseverance. Most people give up. If he had not displayed the same characteristics of dogged persistence and an unlimited capacity for hard work which distinguished the self-taught engineer. For he was more than a painstaking and ingenious craftsman. He was also an artist of remarkable versatility and vivid imagination. So what most distinguished him was the force which drove him. This is that fire in the belly that I just referenced, that burning desire to achieve mission success. His strength lay in the imaginative flair which could seize upon and combine ideas in new ways. He was acutely self-conscious. Oh, I need to pause here. So one of the benefits of reading such an old book is because this author, he wrote a bunch of biographies of other engineers, he was also a trained engineer as well. But he had access, temporary access to Brunel's own writing and his personal diary which was under lock and key. So we actually see the difference between the strength and outward appearance that he would put up for the rest of society and other people. And then his own like doubts, self-doubt which again everybody has. He just don't see them. And so that's one of the benefits of this book. And the private man was a character very different from that of the cold, proud, abundantly self-confident engineer whom he impersonated to such perfection on the public stage. And in this sense, it's fantastic. It's also going to remind me of something that Jeff Bezos said I'll get there in a minute. And really a reminder that it serves a reminder to me as I'm reading this book and hopefully to you. that life is an adventure, and to some degree it's a waste if we just survive and not treat it as the adventure. It is a great man achieves eminence by his capacity to live more fully and intensely than his fellows, and in doing so his fault as well as his virtues become the more obvious. So I double underlined to live more fully and intensely. There's a lot of sentences and paragraphs and references in this book, and the fact that Brunelle treated life as a grand adventure. A large part almost all of his life he treated his work as a grand adventure. I think that's a fantastic idea, but the second part of the sentence where it says, listen if you're going to be doing this you're going to live more fully and intensely than most people. You're going to your people are going to obviously see like what you produce in the world, but they're going to be where of your faults, not just your virtues, but your faults are going to become obvious. And so when I read that one of the there's a great quote that I saved from Jeff Bezos, and he was extremely young the first time he said it. He's repeated this since then. It's become like almost like a Jeffism. These sayings that he repeats over and over again that he has for multiple decades, but he says if you never want to be criticized for goodness sake, don't do anything new. Alright, so let's continue here. This is a great first sentence in this paragraph. It is not in freedom from faults, but in the ability to transcend and master them that greatness lies. The key to them to that mastery is self-knowledge. And in his early years, young Brunell's entries in his private journal reveal his own awareness, so he's self-aware of his own weaknesses. He writes, and this is where he just knows. This is not very different than Coco Chanel's mindset. You know, the fact that I'm not here to play. I'm here to make a fortune. I'm here to be great. I'm here to be the best there ever was. He writes, "My self-conceit and love of glory, vie with each other which which part of me, which part of them, to govern me." The latter, meaning his love of glory, listen to this. He knows he's like, "I'm obsessed with going down in history." Right? And it causes him this love of glory. And he's young when he's writing this. For him to be self-aware is a really rather amazing now. I'm looking back on it. What it's going to cause me to do some really foolish things. Things hopefully he changes later in his life. The latter is so strong. So it's let's put the word in there. My my love of glory is so strong that I often do the most silly, useless things to appear to advantage before those whom I care nothing about. Okay, so I want to fast forward in the story. He's still, or I guess I'm going backwards in the story. He's still, he's a late teenager, I think, at this point in his life. And his dad does something smart. He sets up an apprentice. A apprenticeship for isn't barred under a master craftsman. I don't know how to pronounce this guy's French. I don't know how to pronounce his last name. So I'm going to call him Louis. But he's like one of the best watchmakers at the time. And he actually inspires like an entire like future generations of craftsman that that describe themselves as like studying under the tutelage of this guy. They use his name as like their school. So it says Bruno's education was completed by a period of apprenticeship under Louis, who is a maker of watches and scientific instruments. This last move reflects the soundness of Mark, that's his dad, Mark's judgment. He could not have found a finer or more critical nurse for his son's mechanical talents. Louis was regarded as the supreme craftsman in his field. The exacting standards of workmanship under which Bruno insisted throughout his lifetime were undoubtedly formed at this time. In 1822, when he was 16, he returned to England and began to work with his father. So gifted was young Bruno and such was the intelligence and enthusiasm, which he brought to bear upon his father's projects. That in spite of his youth, he rapidly became more became more of a trusted and able partner than an assistant. He was thus able to play a major role when in 1824, Mark Bruno embarked upon his greatest adventure. The boring of a tunnel under the Thames. Okay, so let's get to the working conditions as they're trying to dig this tunnel. And the fact that so many people are getting sick is actually going to give Bruno an opportunity to at a very young age to actually lead the project. So it says because the Thames at this period was a little more than an open sewer. The stench at the working face was appalling. Working under such conditions, it is not surprising that throughout the whole period of construction, sickness claimed a much heavier toll than the accident. When the work began, William Armstrong was the resident engineer under Mark. And Brunelle or Isambard is the assistant to William Armstrong. Mark is going to fall sick. So he can't works as Mark was taken seriously ill. A few weeks later, Armstrong broke down and resigned his post. So with his dad sick and the person he was supposed to be assisting, quitting that Beppett's Isambard in the role of the engineer in charge. So it says Isambard was in the role of the engineer in charge took over a short notice. The leading part in an engineering drama which excited the wonder of Europe. So this is one of the largest projects on the continent at the time. And as such is going to have, obviously, have a lot of people's attention. I need to remind you, Isambard is 20 years old at this point in his life. The fact that he was barely 20 years of age occasion little remark yet today when, and this is so funny, yet today when an education fetish prolongs childish irresponsibility far into adolescence. It seems almost incredible that such an immense burden of responsibility should have been laid on such young shoulders. Remember, he's writing these words in the 1950s, right? So he says an educational fetish prolongs childish irresponsibility far into adolescence. A large part of this book that I mainly omitted for my highlights is the fact that, you know, engineers valued practical knowledge, knowledge to experimentation, knowledge through work. They have quite a bit of negative things to say about, you know, theoretical people. There's a lot of like professors and stuff brought in tool pine about like the feasibility of what the engineers or engineers are building. And the theorists say, hey, it's impossible. And then yet in this book, the engineers keep proving over and over again that it's not. But I think what marked it with his son here is the fact that he put on work at a really young age even before he was 20. This is very similar to, you know, the most recent example that comes to mind. I read those two books or the two part series rather on the Rothschilds. The Rothschilds believed in starting younger members of the family in the business really early. They thought it was a huge mistake taking some of the prime years, you know, from 18 to 22, 18 to 23 and not having them work. They thought apprenticeship and actually the act of doing the work was more educational than just sitting in a classroom. So it obviously doesn't have to be either or I'm just bringing to your attention the fact that, hey, for a large part of human history, we put a lot more responsibility on younger people than we do now. And they succeeded and thrived. At an early age, and we see that as a case with his embark, he says, "Is it borrowed through himself into work with all that unsparing energy, which was distinguished his whole life?" His working habits were insane. For as much as 36 hours at a time, he would not leave the tunnel, pausing only for a brief catnap. I got to that part. And when I read that book hard drive on young Bill Gates, this is exactly when he would work. He wouldn't really pay attention to time. He would do these like sprints where he would work 30, 36 hours at a time, then crash for like 10 hours, 11 hours, get back up and do it all over again. And in that book, and a young Bill Gates repeats over and over again, his desire, he wanted to be known as hard core. That was something that drove him. This is a description of both the father and the son. The Brunelles were not men to sit down with folded hands and be wail their misfortune. And so that's their reaction to almost everything that could go wrong, went wrong in this project. Reminded me of the takeaway from James Dyson's autobiography. Like, when you get knocked down, you know, you just say, "All right then, let's give it another go." This also reminded me of the story of Thomas Edison. He was like 64, 67, something like that. His laboratory and factory in New Jersey is caught fire. They go grab him from his house. He's essentially just watching his life's work burn down. And he's cracking jokes. And he's basically saying, "Okay, and they have a quote in there." It says something to the effect of, you know, even though I'm 67 years old or 64 years old, I'll start again tomorrow. I'll start a new tomorrow. And when I took away from that, it's like, obviously, I don't want this fire to happen. It's outside of my control. It has happened. All I can control is my reaction to this. So I got to get up again tomorrow. All right, let's give it another go tomorrow. So there's going to be a giant accident in the tunnel. It's going to shut down construction for years and years and years. It almost kills Brunelles. And so this is about that accident. But really, it's about, it's an unusual response. And again, we go into the person of Brunelles. Although it was obvious that Brunelles was seriously ill and that his leg was giving him acute pain, he remained as usual quite undaunted and refused to leave. He was unable to walk. And so he laid on a mattress from which he directed the diving operations. So what happened is you're digging a tunnel under a river. Multiple times, this is going to be the worst time, but multiple times the river decides to come through the tunnel. And so you have this huge mass of water that winds up just destroying all the equipment down there. People drown. And this is the worst time that the one that leads him to say, okay, we're going to shut this tunnel for a long time. So he's on a mattress, refusing to leave. And he almost dies from this. He's going to have like months of recuperation after this, from which he directed the diving operations and would not be taken home until he had learned the extent of the cavity in the riverbed. And so as he recuperating later on, he writes in this journal, this hidden journal, how he felt, and this is where we just see he's got a very unusual mindset. To somebody that came very, very close to dying at a young age. When he laid up, he recalled his terrifying experience in the tunnel and set it down for no one but his, but his eye in the private journal, which he always kept under lock and key, and which was not opened until after his death. This account gives us the most revealing glimpse we have of his strange nature, a nature in which the sense of drama was so strong that it could become totally absorbing and exclude all sense of personal danger or fear. So if you highlight here for you from his journal, I have now been laid up quite useless for 14 weeks. I shan't forget that day, so this is funny because the book is quite old and the way they write. It was actually extremely difficult. I almost gave up a few times and I was like, what are you going to give up in the middle of reading a biography of Brunelle? You missed the main point. David was wrong with you, but there is not a language barrier here, but I had to translate a bunch of things and then I'd had to watch a bunch of other documentaries to make sure I'm actually understanding what the author tried to tell me, but just I shan't forget the day. I shan't forget that day very near-feelish, that day very near-finish my journey. You see what I mean? It was like, there's a weird way to say, I almost died. When the danger is over, it is rather amusing. While it, so he's saying it's amusing, I almost died, right? That's a very strange response. While it existed, so while I'm in it, I can't say the feeling was at all uncomfortable. So he's saying while it was happening, it wasn't uncomfortable. Now here's the weird thing. The contrary, in this instance, it was an excitement. So the water comes rushing through, he says, when we were obliged to run, I felt nothing in particular. I was only thinking of the best way to get out. He says, and then he's a few lines down. I took it very much as a matter of course, that I never expected we should get out. So he's saying, I thought I was going to die there. Eventually, he jumps up to like this arch, so the water has beneath him, like this huge rushing flow of water. And he says, I stood still there nearly for a minute. I was anxious for, he's going to name two other people that he was working with. He wanted to make, like he wasn't worried about himself. He was worried about the fact that two of his friends might have died, who I felt too sure had never risen from the fall. And I thought we're crushed under the great stage. I kept calling them by name to encourage them to come up through the opening where he's standing, right? While standing there, this is the crazy thing though, while standing there, the effect was grand. And he italicized that the roar of the rushing water in a confined passage. And by its velocity rushing past the opening was grand. He uses that word again, very grand. That's the third time he describes it using the word grand. I cannot compare it to anything. The sight and the whole affair was well worth the risk. If I had been kept under another minute, meaning if I didn't escape one minute later, I was to die. So there it is. That's an extreme mindset of Bruno. At the time he wrote this, he still hoped to return to his post as an engineer in charge, but it was not to be. The accident marked the turning point in his career seven years would pass before work on the tunnel was resumed. And by then, he would be much too fully occupied with projects as yet undreamed of for him to play his old role again. The biggest project of that is going to be the Great Western Railway. Okay, so now we get to his years of frustration. So he is 22 years, I'm going to read my note to you. So he's 20 years old. He starts to wonder about his future, not completely normal. The name of the chapter is the years of frustration and compares his low point where he's at in his life to his friend's high point. But yet he refuses to be negative. Bruno had still found time to sit by the fireside wondering what the future held for him. And this is where we go back to his diary, his journal. What will become of me? He asks. And then his dreams begin. I will build a fleet of ships and build a new London bridge. I will build tunnels and it will last be rich and have a house built. I will be the first engineer and an example for future ones. So this is his entire thing was I'm going to go down in history as being someone that is great. So now we see that it goes back and forth. This idea of terror, euphoria and terror that you and I always talk about. That when you're doing something difficult building company, whatever it is, you only have experience to emotions, euphoria and terror. And so now he's going to talk about his friend Palmer has already built new London docs and thus has established his fortune while I have been engaged on the tunnel which failed. And so he's kind of beating himself up but at the end he does something extremely smart. It's a gloomy perspective and yet bad as it is I cannot with all my efforts work myself up to be downhearted. And he goes back and forth again it's not static. He's excited about his future plans and then he goes back he's like I'm a failure then he goes okay I'm excited again and then sometimes he finds it's like weird equilibrium where he's like okay well maybe I won't be good or great I'll just be mediocre. I suppose a sort of meat of middle path will be the most likely one a mediocre success an engineer sometimes employed and sometimes not. And so he's talking about the fact that the tunnel is dead it's it's they're not going to do it right now they don't know if they're going to do in the future at this point and this is where we we see that he he comes up with his motto that he uses for his entire life. So I've seen this over and over again as I read as I read these biographies I think it's a really good idea to have a life motto let me give you some examples Teddy Roosevelt got his life motto from his dad get action which is a great way to think about how Teddy lived his life. Shackleton Ernest Shackleton who I told you last week is the lock screen of my phone his motto was by endurance week conquer Stanley the guy that invented Marvel ever upward and so brunelles is going to be never despair the tunnel will never be finished now in my father's lifetime I fear however never despair has always been my motto we may succeed yet persevere remember this a note to himself the tunnel will never be finished now in my father's lifetime I fear however never despair has always been my motto we may succeed yet persevere so now back to the author the next few years must decide whether he would become a mediocrity or the first engineer and an example for future ones so he's that's the path he's the best ever I'm just gonna be mediocre right persevere he threw himself into the task of establishing his reputation as an engineer with his unusual and unsparing energy but many disappointments lay in store for him before the ride of fortune suddenly turned and swept him to fame so then this chapter goes through all the different things that he's trying that never workout and so really the note of himself is there's gonna be a lot of dead ends when you're trying something new and so he wants to do this experiment again he doesn't really work on one thing at a time either I mean when he does these major projects he will like once he hits on something he will but he has a bunch of experiments usually in the air he on and off he'd been trying this experiment I'm gonna skip over what it is and just really give you what he took away from it he's experiment he's talking about you know I've been experimenting to think for the last six months how is that possible and then he says something really interesting here in his diet is journal a 140th of the remainder of my life what a life the life of a dreamer I am always building castles in the air what time I waste so he's saying I just wasted six months on something it didn't work out that's 140th of the remainder of my life he wants to living to the age of 52 but I think that idea of looking at how what like the time you're spending and how much in compared to how much time you have left is a very powerful idea so it just goes on years and years of struggle and again we see the comparison comparison is the thief of joy it's one of the greatest quotes I've ever come across and he's got he's forced to compare where he's at in life with the other on engineers that are that are doing great things and it's like why am I not doing great things yet these were just encouraging times for her now and so I'm going to skip over the names while Telford was lauded for his great suspension bridge while this guy was lauded for the new London bridge the other one starts saying a new railway he's saying what what do I have to show an uncompleted tunnel a useless gas engine to a board of dock schemes of little moment and a miserable dispute over an observatory so it's got to be extremely difficult like these people are out here doing the things that I want to do they're succeeding and I'm just running into dead end after dead end after dead end he had in fact as we shall see already laid the foundations of his first success but this was not evident to him as of yet for the present he had to accept the crumbs let that were let fall by more successful engineers and so that's the main lesson from Bruneau the fact that it's not that he's persevering and everything's fine it's like so many people presented with what's happened in his life would just cave and give up and go home and so he does some there's the no left myself on this page there's a bunch of smart move by Bruneau and then I want to tell you about this quote from the founder of Atari all right so it says Bruneau's character was that of was of that finally tempered resilient quality which flexes under misfortune but never breaks he could and undoubtedly did during these years of difficulty and repeated disappointments when fate seemed implacably against him plum into deaths of despondency of course so I love one of the most again I hope I really hope you bought the book and you read James James Dyson's autobiography it's fantastic but he talks about he's like listen he's like it's easy for me to say now I have one of the most profitable companies I only 100% of it I'm wildly successful I get to do whatever I you know, I want to do, I'm making tons of money, I'm making other people, I'm building products, I make other people's lives better, but it's like, it's easy for me to tell you now not to give up, but there were days when I crawled into my bed completely depressed, convinced I was never going to succeed. And so we see a similar time in Brunell's life. The fact is that a lot of people have those feelings, how are you going to respond? How did James Dyson respond? How do Brunell respond? And the fact is, he's like, listen, I'm depressed and he talks about it over and over again, I'm going to keep going forward, yet he never lost faith in himself. Once one project on which he had pinned his hopes had failed, he would rapidly recover from that blow, dismiss it from his mind and concentrate upon the next with undiminished energy. I mean, really, what could you do? You can't, what are you going to sit there and cry over spilled milk? What is Brunell supposed to do? It did not work out. I wanted it to work out. It didn't, what am I going to do? It's like, I can only control what my next move is. So this is what I mean by smart moves by him. He wind up hiding his feelings behind a bold front of self-confidence and enthusiasm, which impressed everyone he met and which aside from his remarkable abilities contributed more than anything else to his ultimate success. So he's not going to let anybody see him get it down, see him get down, brother. When I read that, when I got to his paragraph, it really did, what popped my mind is what Nolan Bush know, founder of Atari, mentor Steve Jobs, told a 19 year old Steve Jobs, remember, he hired Steve Jobs, he had the opportunity to have Steve Jobs as an employee. And Steve tells him, or excuse me, Nolan tells him right before he found his app or other. He's like, listen, if you pretend to be completely in control, people will assume that you are. So we see, when you read this by a VC job, you see, he took that advice and ran with it. And we see very similar to, you know, echoes what's happening in Brunell. In fact, that in his diary, he's like, damn it, you know, I'm depressed. I don't understand why things aren't working out for me, but externally, especially because he's got to go and convince people to hire him for these projects, right? These are large physical infrastructure projects at the very beginning of the industrial evolution. It's not like he could do it by himself, like he's got to have this, this air or of self-confidence, I guess is the way we put it, he pressed everyone he met with whom, okay, he says, contributed more to anything to his ultimate success. Pride never drove him, another smart move, Pride never drove him to make the fatal mistake of refusing any commission as to humble. And why would he do that because Brunell treated every single experience of his life as a learning experience. So he's just racking up all these experiences, these jobs, summer failing, summer small and they're succeeding. And then he uses all the things they're exposed to as lessons, think about what Charlie Munger said. Like you really should think of ideas as tools, right? And so as you go and you're reading, you're having all these experiences, you're just adding tools to your toolbox. And then you just pull it out at the right time. And guess what, if you have a tool that no longer works, dispose it and grab a new one. I think that's a very like a student observation by, by a Grand Park Charlie there. Thanks to those acute powers of, so he says, he never refused the commission as being too humble. Thanks to his acute powers of observation, everything he undertook contributed something of value to that store of experience, which was the secret of his versatility. So that leads him to be able, you know, to design, not only see when he does a great Western railway, like he's got a build and an entire, it's one of the lawyers. Just for a waste in the world of time, he's building everything from scratch. But he builds, he winds up making him stay on trying to improve other parts, like the actual locomotives, which wasn't a good idea. But he's also building like the train stations and their grand artistic buildings. He's having to go through rock. He builds bridges, he builds tunnels, he builds ships. He's just extremely versatile in all the engineering jobs that he takes. And so now we get to this fortune opportunity as author was saying, hey, you know, he laid the foundation of success. He didn't understand that at that point in his time and in his life yet, though, right? That, that opportunity had not revealed itself yet. So he says, this is just fantastic writing here by the author. It is impossible to read history or biography without being struck by the momentous consequences of trivial events. We are constantly reminded that life is a great and unpredictable adventure to which we awake each morning. See, this is what I love about reading these books and one of the main takeaways I take for myself is like, my life needs to be adventure. I do not just want to exist. In part of that is learning like I look up and down my family tree and there's just so many people that just existed. There's no passion. There's no adventure. There's no thrill of life. They're born. They lived and they died and I don't want that for me. And I think again, reading these books is just a constant reminder that life can be it's extremely, that quote by Mark and Jason. That absolutely love Mark says, the world is a very malleable place. If you know what you want and you go for it with maximum energy and drive and passion, the world will often reconfigure itself around you much more quickly and easily than you would think. Concern reminder, life is a grand adventure, it could be whatever you want it to be. All right, so let's go back to this. How many people do you know actually wake up with that mindset? Probably not many. And if you have a lot of them around you, extremely fortunate that the most humdrum are apparently wasted day may afterwards be seen in recollection to mark a significant turning point in our lives. So it is with Bruno. He had not been guilty of over indulgence immediately after his accident in the tunnel had he not been guilty of over indulgence immediately after his accident in the tunnel. His future might have taken a different course and the great works with which his name will always be associated might never have been built. So that means there's just too many distractions where he's trying to recover. His parents sent him to Clifton. They advised him to go to this place to Clifton. This is where, unbeknownst to him, they're about to have a contest for engineers to submit designs to what is going to wind up being the Clifton suspension bridge. I advise you to Google that, take a look at this bridge, the design came from Bruno. It was completed after he died though. It is gorgeous. And so this is going to be this opportunity for him again. He's there for me. Let me just read this. Why am I running over my point? All right. So Bruno spent his covalences, his covalescent sketching and climbing about the gorges while the tall ships came and went with the tide. So this is just where he happens to be. He's easy to imagine his excitement when he heard of the proposal to build a bridge or should need to invite engineers to submit designs to build a bridge. Here indeed was a project after his own heart. So he happens just to be studying this area, found it very beautiful. He's doing drawings because he's just a very interested person in general. And then later on, they said, hey, fellow engineers who wants to submit designs for this bridge? So right place, right time, right? I said, Bruno decided that, and then we see one of the things about Bruno is like, I want to build great things, but they want to build great things that are beautiful. And again, that heavily influenced Dyson, for that he talks about in his autobiography over and over again, the importance of the physical design of your product, you're making fizzle products, but you can get them, you can enhance their beauty by keeping the design close to the function of the actual, like in the case of Bruno, it's a bridge in the case of Dyson, it's a ball barrow or a vacuum cleaner. So we see that here. Bruno decided that the site called for a suspension bridge, and he lavished upon his competition, his competition designs infinite pains and exquisite draftsmanship so that it became not merely engineering drawings, but works of art that he's traveling all around this area, studying the bridges that came before him. And why is he doing that? Because then you learn things that you want to copy and things that you want to avoid. In this way, Bruno learned what to emulate and what to improve and then what to avoid. Same motivations that Bruno has in studying the bridge that we do have studying the careers of people that came before us. Here's the problem. The bridge, so it's the same theme that you see that you saw in Dyson's life, on the last podcast you see in Bruno's life, one step forward, two steps back, two steps forward, one step back, over and over again. There's a bunch of riots to have nothing to do with Bruno. And so they went up pushing back, he wins, obviously, he gets in charge of this project. And as soon as they start trying to make progress, there's a bunch of civil unrest and rights break out and they stop working on the bridge. All thoughts of proceeding with the Clifton Bridge scheme were forgotten. The year of 1832 passed without any further moves being made and Bruno occupied himself with other concerns. The summer of that year found him in a state of great despondency. That odds with himself and much discouraged by his persistent lack of success. We go to his journal, "I'm unhappy, exceedingly so." Bruno took stock of his gloomy situation, so many irons and none of them hot. And this is another example of even though it looks bad, he doesn't know things that are developing behind the scenes that are going to change his fortune, unknown to him in the autumn of 1832, same year where they're not making any progress on the bridge, when his future had seemed so dark and unpromising, four Bristol merchants had gathered to discuss the possibility of building a railway from Bristol to London. And so this is going to be the great Western Railway. He talks about it, so he's submitting a bid and we go back to his journal. Was this Bruno's long-awaited opportunity? How will this end? He wrote in his diary that night. He doesn't know how it's going to end, but he doesn't lack the self-belief, right? Already he did not doubt that he could secure the appointment. What then of his rivals? This is how he described the competing bids. Admittedly, they were not very formidable. In that word, formidable comes up over and over and over again. Let's define it, inspiring respect in being impressively large, powerful, intense or capable. So the day. So he winds up obviously getting hired as the main engineer, and he. This is what was fantastic. He wasted no time. So he gets told, "Okay, you got the job. He goes to work right away." Bruno always said, "No time in getting down to work." The great adventure, there's that word again, had begun. The great adventure had begun. And this is what we see, like his love of an arduous schedule, many people think, led to, you know, his early death. These were such hectic days that he had. He had scarcely found time to sleep for more than an odd hour or so. His days were spent traveling about in coaches or on horseback. While by night he worked on his reports, estimates of calculations. And as if this was not enough, there were other irons to be attended to. So it's funny, he went from, you know, just saying, "I have a bunch of irons in the fire, none of them are hot." Once he gets hired to be the engineer of the Great Western Railway, this is going to be, you know, all eyes are on him. His services are now in demand, so he's doing surveys for other stuff. He's working on docs and all these other things. And so we see his schedule at this point. He's working 20 hours a day. I don't even know how this is possible. And so there's one phrase that's over and over again in his diary, up at 5, up at 5, up at 5, up at 5 am. His pressure of work taxed even Bruno's extraordinary powers of endurance to the utmost. And he confessed to one of his most trusted assistants that between ourselves, it is harder, it is harder work than I like. And I'm rarely much under 20 hours a day at it. And so why is it so difficult? Because of the, this is unprecedented. And that's the thing about Bruno that I don't know if I'm explaining to you like the stuff he's, he attempts. No one has ever done these things on the size and scale that he has. And that's what he's going after. While others shook their heads and pronounced that a line from London to Bristol was too long and over ambitious, his was a mind that impatiently scorned such limitations. Already an imagination he had traveled far beyond Bristol and soon, very soon, he would span the Atlantic to New York. So the Western Railway it must be. As to its greatness upon that, he was already determined and so they're saying you can't even build. Like what are you doing? You can't. This is way too ambitious. He took him once a further. Okay. I want to be able to sell a ticket so you can go all the way to New York. So you get to the end of the line and then you get to one of these giant ships that I'm going to build. So he takes something that people think is already crazy, ambitious and adds to it. Let me finish this paragraph. This time he was going to win, but it would be a great struggle. So let's go to the diary of somebody that's working with them and we get a description of how Bruno worked. I believe that at this time he was, he scarcely ever went to bed. So I never remembered to have seen him tired out of spirits. He was a very constant smoker. He'd smoke cigars 24/7 and would nap in an armchair very frequently with his cigar in his mouth. And if we were to start out of town at five or six o'clock in the morning, it was his frequent practice to rouse me out of bed at three at 3am. When I would invariably find him up and dressed and in such glee at the fun of having curtailed my slumbers by two or three hours more than necessary, no one would have supposed that during the night he had been pouring over plans and estimates and engrossed in serious labor, which to most men would have proved destructive of their energies during the following day. What is this guy on? What's the equivalent of what people would take now as like a Daffinill or a bunch of Adderall? What's the 18th hunt? What is the equivalent? 1800s. Like how is this guy doing this? But I never saw him otherwise than full of gaity and apparently as ready for work as though he had been sleeping through the night. And so this is Brunel, he's 29 years old, he's fired up, and he just cannot believe how fast his life changed. Brunel's meteoric success was due not only to his undoubted geniuses and engineer and his unlimited capacity for hard work, but also the magnetic power of his extraordinary personality. Brunel could hardly bring himself to believe it. It seemed too good to be true. So it talks about, at this point, he's been working, so he's been working on the railway for almost two years, he was so busy that he stopped updating his diary. Taking down his long neglected diary from the shelf, he reopened it and wrote, "What a blank in my journal, and during the most eventful part of my life. When I last wrote in this book, I was just emerging from obscurity. I had been toiling away most unprofitably at numerous things, unprofitably at least at the moment. What a change. The railway now is in progress. I am the engineer to the finest work in England, and I have a handsome salary. It is like looking back upon a fearful past, but we have succeeded," so he's talking about rereading his past entries. It's like looking back upon a fearful past, but we have succeeded. A pretty considerable capital is likely to pass through my hands at this age of, and this at the age of 29. I really can hardly believe it when I think of it. In fact, I am now somebody. Nothing has prospered, everything at this moment is sunshine. I don't like it. It can't last. This guy, "Bad weather was surely come. Let me see the storm in time to gather my sails." So he's like, "Two things are going to be good, be true. Of course, it's going to be difficult, and he's obviously going to have a lot of struggles. It takes almost, I think, eight, ten years to finish the railway, but we see an update in his diary. This is a year later. He's still doing well." And really, this is just a fantastic, you know, what we're all striving for, to feel that this satisfaction with our work, right? Work is going to be a huge part of your life, a third to half of your entire life. I mean, half, if you consider the time you're actually awake, you know, if you sleep eight hours a day, you have 16 hours left, you work for eight, you know, obviously some people will work a lot more, even if you work for eight hours a day, it's half your life. When I last rode, I was in high spirits. It seems, and this guy's working, essentially, if he's awake, if his eyes are open, he's working. When last I rode, I was in high spirits, it seems, but dreading a reverse. I dread it still, yet everything is prospered since, and is still going on well. So he's just talking about, you know, the fact that his services are in high demand, and really, this is a fantastic sentence, just, you know, the satisfaction. Working extremely hard for something, the things you work the hardest for, and obviously the things you get to ride the most satisfaction out of, and he says, "Really? My business is something extraordinary." So it talks about the fact that he got married, but he's, you know, he's really just married to his work. He does have kids, but it says, "My profession is after all, my only fit wife." At all, it says, "This is probably some of the truest words he ever spoke." He determined then to make perfection of his work, the supreme goal, and from that resolve, he never subsequently wavered. And that really is central to understanding the life of Bruno, like he has one thing in his life, and he's willing to sacrifice. If you ever had to compete head-to-head with somebody like this, it's nearly impossible because he'll sacrifice family, he'll sacrifice health, health, he'll sacrifice everything, and he does. He winds up, he's going to have a stroke towards the end of the book. He has a stroke. He's, you know, the last great project he worked on is this gigantic ship that's like six times larger than anything else ever existed in the world, and they're about to launch it, and he has a stroke, and then he dies a short time later. Let's go back to where we are, though. He's still building the railway, and again, the reminder that all the things that Bruno is attempting, they're unprecedented. He's not. Remember when Ed Woodland, the founder of Polaroid, told us, like, "Don't build a Me Too product. You should only do, don't do anything that anyone else can do." And that's how he guided his career, same thing with what Bruno does. It is hard for us today to appreciate the immensity of the task which confronted Bruno on the construction of the Great Western Railway. He holds no previous record of engineering adventure upon so heroic as scale. That's fantastic writing, by the way. When he had written before that he was an engineer to the finest work in England, he was making no idle boast. He knew that it would be so because, as any artist or craftsman must, he had already conceived the completed work in his imagination. In the course of the survey, surveying the land where he's building the railway, right? In the course of the survey, he had covered every yard of the way and had seen with the mind's eye his iron road lying wide and true. He's manifesting this, he is seeing it with his mind's eye before it exists. And some people think that's, you know, that's, it's like Willy Fufu, like nonsense, you know. All I can say is, this idea, this is important to visualization. You go read Arnold Schwarzenegger, talks about over and over again, he sat up at night and saw his life. He told him over and over again, I'm already the greatest bodybuilder in the world. I'm already making millions. I'm already going to be the greatest high spade actor in Hollywood, you know, way before it happened. Bob Nois. Let's take a more specific example. Bob Nois found her ventil, fair child, some like a doctor, you name other entrepreneurs in history. They're more successful in this guy. There's not, that list is extremely small, talks about every night. He would sit down for his entire life. He started it because he was like, if I remember correctly, like a diver, like, you know, diving into pools. And he would visualize, see himself the night before the successful completion of his dives. And then he carried that into his business career later on. In sports, this works. Kobe Bryant talked about, you know, well, well before he had that 81 point game. He talked about being a kid and visualizing, just getting hot and hitting every shot. And he talks, but he's like, in a dream, you know, you're not going to be like, oh, wait, you know, oh, I brick that three, I stopped at 50 points. So he says, in my mind, I had scored over 100 points. I saw myself do it before I did it. It sounds, if you take an isolation, it's just a little bit crazy, but the mind is something we just don't understand. And it's extremely, extremely powerful. So here we have again. Bruno, before this gigantic, unprecedented railway, something that he's to struggle through to do for almost a decade, before it exists, he's like, I saw it. I travel when it was just grass and gravel and rock. And I saw it. And now all I have to do is go through the motions to bring this dream into reality. It's extremely powerful. I got goosebumps right now. To gather about him, men who could satisfy his exacting standards and match his tires energy was not easy. And he was often disappointed. And so let's go back to this idea or let's not go back to it because I just, I got let's continue this idea. This is an example of an employee not living up to Bruno standards, right? And we've seen this over and over again. When I read something like this, the one thing that's that's lodged in my mind, because I've read like four or five books about David Ogri, he's a personal hero of mine. Somebody I aspire to be like for sure. Somebody I don't measure up to at all yet. But I hope to in my completed form. And what he learned from, he was an Englishman in a French kitchen for a master chef, but this guy named Petard, I think it's how you pronounce it. And that's something that he learned over and over again. It's like, listen, like you cannot let mediocre people on your team at all. This guy would wind up firing people because their pastries wouldn't rise high enough. Like he was an extreme Ogri learned from him. He was a young man at the time probably in his 20s when he's working for this guy. One of the most respected chefs in Paris, like, okay, this is how like the customers, what's interesting to me is like that part is hidden from the customer, right? The customer is like, wow, this food's the greatest. This experience at the restaurant's amazing. They don't see all the work behind the scenes that Ogri is getting the scene, right? And there's just relentless dedication to extreme excellence. In fact, I'm about to give you another bonus episode here in the next few days. And I'm rereading this guy. This guy did something smart. It has to do above it's shareholder letters that are organized on topic and not by year. And so that'll come out in a few days because I've already I'm almost done reading. But I'm glad I'm reading this the same time as reading this book because Buffet talks about this. Like listen, you got to cut the mediocre people. Like you can't have mediocre people in management, even if they're nice. Like you just can't. Very few people can run business as well. There's a lot of, you know, mediocrity and bad decision making. So like when you find like you have to have a good person in charge of the business, whether it's yourself, whether it's somebody else. So he got to cut the mediocre people out. That's exactly what Ogri would say as well. And so we see Brunel, you know, being kind of ruthless about this. The the assistant who made the mistake receives a falling missive. And he must have felt he must have been left decidedly weak in the knee. So this is now Brunel talking about somebody on the Great Western Railway that made a mistake. Plain, gentlemanly language seems to have no effect upon you. I must try stronger language and stronger measures. You are a cursed, lazy, inattentive, apathetic, vagabond. And if you continue to neglect my instructions and to show such infernal laziness, I shall send you about your business. I have frequently told you amongst other absurd, untidy habits that that of making drawings on the back of others was inconvenient. By your cursed neglect of that, you have again wasted more of my time than your whole life is worth. In such a fashion did Brunel forge and temper his human tools. Okay, so moving on, when you're like learning about Brunel, you know he has a like huge battle over the size of these gauges that are used in the in the construction of railways. I'm skipping over that all the part. I'm going to give you the line that's important. Okay, because they're talking about hey, you know, like when you ask questions like why is something done this way, usually you keep going and you can follow it back to like the beginning of the industry. And it's like, well, that's how this first guy did it. So then everybody just copied, you know, for many, many years without asking why. That was the case here. This guy, you know, starts a standard gauge talks about the the size and everything else. I'm skipping over that. It's just like, hey, this is what work then. Then, you know, this other guy saw what this guy did and he copied it. There's no reason for whatever. So really there's no reason other than somebody did it before. And all they say is that they did so without pausing to consider the question on its merits. Saul big, big takeaway from the life of Brunel's first principal thinking, which is not a new idea. And you know, everybody talks about it now. It's literally written about in this book. And they were doing it in the 1800s to probably doing it before that as well. On the contrary, experiment was the breath of life to Brunel. And for him, precedence only existed to be questioned. And it says, Brunel rejected precedent and proceeded from first principles. Remember, this is the term you're going to hear constantly nowadays, right? It's a good idea. I'm not obviously a good idea, but it's not a new idea. That's the point. Brunel rejected precedent and proceeded from first principles to design what he confident believed would prove to be the perfect railway. And so I just want to pull out one other point from this section, which was really fascinating. So it says to his critics, you know, him questioning, like trying to be different and trying to question every single part of what he's doing. His critics like this are ridiculous to his critics. It appeared to be an example of a perverse striving for originality for originality. So they're saying you're just trying to be original for original sake. So Dyson, as we learned on the last podcast, Dyson takes this one step further. He's like, no, no, you should be different for the sake of it. And he's saying difference in the idea, difference in the product, difference in the way you're running the business, that you're only going to get these monopolistic profits by being different. And sometimes, which was mind blowing, if you haven't gone back and listen to that podcast, definitely do that. And obviously read the book. But when he talks about it, it's like, even if there's a better way, you should still do it differently. That is like not a, that's not, I don't even know if I had all the books that I've read. I've ever come across an idea like that. And that's speech such as Dyson's fundamental belief in difference for the sake of it. And so again, we're still building the Great Western Railway. I want to pull out more from his diary, because I think it's so interesting. He's writing to a real friend. So he can actually reveal himself, right? He's not going to tell it like if you just bumped into him or if he worked for him, he's not, you're not going to penetrate his, you know, the facade that he has his external facade, right? So he's writing to a real friend. And he's revealing the agony and terror he's doing something's never been done before. It's a one of the largest scales of human, human endeavor up to this point in history. It's not supposed to be easy. So he says, and he's like, very confused by it. This is a very interesting metaphor here. Let's check this out. I can compare it to nothing but the sudden adoption of a language that's familiar enough to the speaker, but unfortunately, understood by nobody but him. Every word has to be translated. And so it is with my work. One alteration has involved another, and no one part can be copied from what others have done. No one can fill up the details. I have to do that all myself. And invention is something like a spring of water. Limited. I fear sometimes. I fear I sometimes pump myself dry and remain for an hour to utterly stupid. And yet, even as difficult it is, he has no regrets. He wants to be doing this. I have never regretted one instant the course I have taken. And then a few pages later, just another great line. His career was to him a tremendous adventure. And so there's an addition to like the problems with the fact that it's difficult physical engineering. You have to battle the weather, the elements, the actual earth fighting back to you. You have to motivate employees. He's also, there's all this like politics involved because, you know, you're not going to do a large physical infrastructure without competing governments and interests. I skipped over a lot of that part. Obviously, you know, I might talk to you for an hour, an hour and a half about these books, every single one before I sit down and talk to you. I've spent 10, 15, 20 hours reading. So if you hear a podcast that peach your interests, it's a good sign that you can learn a lot more by reading the books. It's impossible to replicate the value you get just spending hour after hour after hour. You know, if you're reading a biography of somebody, you're spending maybe 20 hours in their mind. Okay, so let's go back to where we are on the story though. Fast forward a little bit. Obviously, past all that political stuff and these fights and these lawsuits and everything else is going on. I want to talk about like the actual work. This is wild. They're having to go through rock at this point, but it says it was an immense undertaking and the more staggering when we remember that apart from the steam pumps, which kept the workings clear of water and the power of gunpowder, which was used to blast away the rock, it was accomplished entirely by the strength of men and horses working by candle lights. This one tunnel for two and check this out. This is the mind blowing part. For two and a half years, the work consumed a ton of gunpowder and a ton of candles every week. He's going to a ton of gunpowder and a ton of candles every week for two and a half years just for one part of the railway. Eventually, he winds up completing this project. He was obsessed later on with the great Eastern, the one he, the giant ship that he is, that he was working on when he dies. But this might be as great as if you look at actually ones that were actually completed because a lot of stuff had to be completed by other people or after he died and everything. This seems to me like I would be like this is what I'd be most proud of, I guess. But let me summarize this here, which had seemed, the railway had seems to many so impossible of realization only eight years before was now a magnificent reality. So go back to that. I saw the whole of my mind. I just have to go through the motions now to bring it to this. This thing I saw in my mind's eye. I see it laying there. I could touch it. It's iron. It is there. As now, he took that dream, that vision, and it is now physically real. Other people can now interact with this thing that only took place in my mind. So there's an entire chapter called Brunelle against bureaucracy. I'm going to pull out a couple of things there. I'm going to read my note to you first. He's against anything that stopped that inhibits building the ability to make unequivocal decisions. Steve Jobs quote in the Joni I've book. I got to grab that in a minute about telling the team that this is the way I want it. So the ability to have, again, companies are led by four, they're not led by committees. Great companies led by formidable individuals that are capable of making unequivocal decisions. That is very clear if you study the history of entrepreneurship. This is the way I want it. The decision is mine. I think if you could talk to these founders. So a lot of the founders were learning from other podcasts. Obviously they're dead. We can't talk to them anymore. We have to read their words. That's the way we have conversations with them. I think if you could talk to these founders, they'd say there's too much emphasis on consensus. That is definitely what Brunelle would say. Let me read this section. Then I'll grab the Joni I've arched. I just said his name incorrectly. Joni I've oh man. Okay. Even in the age of individualism, Brunelle's public life was remarkable for his roundly expressed hatred of government officials and if any law, rule, or regulation which interfered with individual responsibility are initiative. The innate caution of the civil service mentality, it's inability to make unequivocal decisions or accept personal responsibility represented the very opposite of all that Brunelle stood for. So that's good to describe something in this case a person by describing their opposite. The inability to make unequivocal decisions and the inability to accept personal responsibility was the very opposite of what Brunelle stood for. Okay. So there's a quote from this book on Joni I've and it's founders number 178 if you haven't listened to it and it's Steve Jobs coming back for Apple. He's dealing with, you know, this is the way I want things done. People are giving them a pushback and so this is another illustration of what they're saying. Like Brunelle needed the ability to make unequivocal decisions, same thing Steve's running into here. When we took it to the engineers, they came up with 38 reasons they couldn't do it. Jobs are called. And I said, no, no, no, we're doing this. And they said, well, why? And I said, because I'm the CEO and I think it can be done. And so that quote, what what what Jobs is saying there's like I'm the one responsible like I the one that one person in the company that can make unequivocal decisions. It has to be done this way. That mindset is very similar to how Brunelle approached his work. In fact, he would constantly threaten to resign when they say, hey, let's get you an assistant engineer, a resident engineer is like, I don't even understand those terms. I don't care. That's how other projects are done. I will resign if I have if I don't have complete like complete authority and and control. And so this is an example of that. The note of myself is I'm only doing this if I have full responsibility and control. There's a response when they're saying, hey, we're going to hire some, you know, somebody to help you like basically like a number two kind of person or maybe somebody you can share a responsibility with. He gives this whole like crazy response. Just going to pull up full lines. And this is now we fast forward a way in the story. We're almost at the end of his life. This is he does a million different projects, right? But this is the great Eastern. It's called they call it the great Leviathan. They want to change the name to the great Eastern. And I'll go into like how, you know what? Let me read that part to you first. Then I'll give you. So it says, actually, no, let me read this part. Let me not get confused. So he's writing back to the directors of this project because he's the lead engineer, the only engineer and he that he's like, that's going to remain or I'm out of here. The fact is I've never embarked in any one thing to which I have so entirely devoted myself and to which I've devoted so much time, thought and labor on the six and on the success of which I have stayed so much reputation and to which I have so largely committed myself. So you saw about this project. And so therefore I connect, I cannot act under any supervision or form part of any system which recognizes any other advisor than myself or any other source of information than mine or any other question connected with the construction or mode of carrying out practically this great project on which I've staked my character nor could I continue to act if I could be assumed for a moment that the work required to be looked that the work required to be looked after anybody but myself. If any doubt ever arises on these points, I must cease to be responsible and cease to act. So there we have Bruno being unequivocal that he will be the one making the unequivocal decisions. And so they wind up, they wind up right after they get the letter, like it served his purpose. So like, okay, we'll leave you home, buddy. We'll draw the request then. So let me go back in the story a little bit. This is the crazy. Again, he only wants to do things around precedent and this reminds we have, you know, Bezos, Jeff Bezos telling us, like it's better, like you got one life to live, one career, just it's better to be bold. I'd rather be bold than timid. It's like just be bold. I mean, if you go back and read Bezos' shareholder letters, which I have, I did all shareholder letters on what founders number 71 and then invent and wander to reprint it in that book. I think that's founders number 155, somewhere like that. Use the word bold all the time. So it says Bruno began to consider the idea of building a steamer large enough to carry her own fuel around the world. He had the conception of a ship six times the size of anything that had ever existed. And that it's going to hold that record for another almost 50 years. And this is like the age of, like a rapid, how crazy it is, age of rapid advancement in marine technology. And to some degree, you know, it was kind of folly to attempt something like this. But you don't, I guess you don't know your limit until you go over it, right? So it's going to wind up holding the record for the larger ship. There's a lot of struggle in the book. He's got to deal with, you know, the company goes bankrupt. I mean, the story was whole career. It's just like, oh, okay, I'm going to try something unbelievably hard. Wow. It's unbelievably difficult. And this is where, you know, he's, he's at it day and night. He's completely committed. This is obviously not obviously, but this is where he's going to wind up dying before he sees a successful completion of it. But they're about to launch at this point ready for launching the whole weight over 12,000 tons. Never since time began had man attempted to move so great a weight. And there were many who shook their heads and pronounced such a feat impossible, predicting that the great ship would rust away where where she lay, a monument to human folly and presumption. And so even launching the ship was just an unbelievable headache. But I want to pull out one thing here that I thought was really, again, another unique idea because most people say if one thing's not working, like, you know, just try a different route. And so Bruno would also have like his, his like, okay, something's not working. I'll just do more of it. Let me check this out. To him, it was a simply, it was simply a question of practicing that doctrine, which he had once preached. This is what he says, to stick to the one point of attack, however defended. And if the forced first brought up is not sufficient to bring 10 times as much, but never to try back upon another in the hope of finding it easier. So again, let me read that again because this is like, he's got a, you know, he's writing in the 1800s. They spoke a little differently than we did to stick to the one point of attack, however defended. And if the forced first brought upon is not sufficient to bring 10 times as much, but never to try to, never to try back upon another in hope of finding it easier. It's not working. Just do more of it. And moving ahead, we're almost to where he dies. Know that for myself on to summarize what's happening on the next few pages is complete dedication until death only focused on the successful completion of the task and to hell with everything else. From that moment when the semblance of his great ship had first taken shape under his pencil, it seemed as if it had claimed its creator's body and soul. It became an all-consuming passion to which he dedicated himself utterly without regard for health, for fortune or for family. Slowly but surely, it excluded every other concern from his mind. He stealed himself to meet and confound betrayal, hostility, ridicule, and every kind of adversity in order to complete his task that no appeal of this kind could reach him. To yield, even in the smallest degree to such persuasions would now appear to him an admission of defeat and so now towards the end of the book, it became apparent as I started studying Brunel like why Dyson, because Dyson is also a missfit and you know, a crazy person. He's absolutely refusal to give up. You know, it's obviously not normal. I can see now, I could see all the way up until this point, why he would latch on to Brunel. He called him again, a personal god. How Dyson described Brunel a god. He was a god to me, right? And you get to that one paragraph and it's just like all right, this is Dyson. Dyson is seeing in Brunel what he wants to reflect in himself. He stealed himself to meet and confound betrayal. Dyson had to deal with that, hostility, he had to deal with that, ridicule, and every kind of adversity in order to complete his task that no appeal of this kind could reach him. To yield, even in the smallest degree to such persuasions would now appear to him and mission. of defeat. And I guess my point I'm trying to make there is like understanding now, spending hours studying Brunel, I have a even more fundamental understanding of Dyson. Like enhances my understanding of his work, of his life and career. This is where I said, or they say he worked himself to death. He also had like a kidney disease, nephritis is what complicated things he wants having a stroke. So it says on the morning of Monday, September 5th, the engineer boarded his great ship for the last time. At midday, that deadly adversary whom he had kept at bay so obstinately overtook him and he was suddenly seized by a stroke. He was paralyzed, but still conscious as he was carried down the ship and to his home. And so the ships in the water, he wanted to be on board because two days later, September 5th, he has a stroke, September 7th, they're actually take them down, take the ship down the river and he was so confident that he had finally succeeded. So the author makes the case and other people make the case that he's going to die on September 15th. So 10 days after stroke, right? In that interim, that 10 day period, he wanted to kind of wheel himself to stay alive because he wanted to hear the successful, like the first trip that the boat ever makes. The part of it explodes. I shouldn't laugh because they want to keep killing him. But once he hears the news, so I'm going to read this section, this is where he dies. But to give you the background before we get to the section, the ship is still salvageable. And it lasts. He does these transatlantic ships, you know, for many, I think many decades moving forward, if I'm not mistaken, after it for now dies. But he never understands. He never gets to the main tragedy here is the last thing he hears is that part of it exploded because there's pressure built up and one of the engines and a couple of people died that were on the boat. So this is what they're going to reference here. His body paralyzed only the engineer's spirit still rallied around him, holding death at bay at a while longer, but for one reason, to hear news of the success of his great ship. He was so confident of a triumph, which must have atone for every misfortune. Instead came the news of this disaster. This final stroke was too cruel to be born. The spirit broken at last, the light in his eyes went out, and as night fell, he died. It is only from the words of friends not intended for the public ear that we can begin to understand the weight of such a loss. The most moving tribute of all came from his friend Daniel, who in his diary wrote, "On the 15th of September I lost my oldest and best friend. By his death, the greatest of England's engineers was lost. The man with the greatest originality of thought and power of execution bowled in his plans but right. The commercial world thought him extravagant. But although he was so, great things are not done by those who sit down and count the cost of every thought and every action. And that is where I'll leave it for the full story by the book. If you buy the book using a link to St. Shownote, you'll be supporting Five Guess at the same time. Amazon sends me a small percentage of the sale when you do that. That's 201 books down 1,000 a go, and I'll talk to you again soon.